{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:09:07Z","timestamp":1789697347159,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Midfacial volumizing procedures are increasingly common in facial rejuvenation. However, the changes that occur in midfacial fat with aging are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine how deep cheek fat volume is predicted by age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of patients based on facial computed tomography (CT) scans. In the cross-sectional cohort, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to model the relations between age and deep cheek fat volumes. In the longitudinal analysis, changes to deep cheek fat volumes were tracked among subjects who underwent multiple facial CT scans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cross-sectional cohort comprised 109 patients. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 59.7 (15.0) years (range, 21.7-91.1 years). A linear regression analysis showed that increasing age was associated with increasing deep cheek fat volume (\u03b2 = 0.015, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Additional regression analyses showed that the gain of fat with aging was more pronounced in the caudal aspect of the cheek (\u03b2 = 0.007, P &amp;lt; 0.001) than in the cephalad (\u03b2 = 0.005, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Twenty-three subjects were identified for longitudinal analysis. The mean (SD) ages at initial and final imaging time points were 50.0 (5.8) and 60.3 (5.2) years. In the deep fat compartment, there was an average gain of 0.23 mL over 10.3 years (P = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age is an important predictor of midfacial deep cheek fat volume. In this study, there is no evidence of adipose volume loss in the deep cheek compartment. Rather, aging was associated with an increase in deep cheek fat, possibly reflecting pseudoherniation of buccal fat.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence 2<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T15:09:48Z","timestamp":1561734588000},"page":"467-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Deep Cheek Fat Volumes and Midfacial Aging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2949-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob I","family":"Tower","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Paskhover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ"},{"name":"Division Chief, Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Barnabas Medical Center, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas Health , Livingston, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000279348.09156.c3","article-title":"Observations on periorbital and midface aging","volume":"120","author":"Lambros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000265403.66886.54","article-title":"The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery","volume":"119","author":"Rohrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000100","article-title":"The differing adipocyte morphologies of deep versus superficial midfacial fat compartments: a cadaveric study","volume":"133","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001730","article-title":"Newer understanding of specific anatomic targets in the aging face as applied to injectables: superficial and deep facial fat compartments\u2014an evolving target for site-specific facial augmentation","volume":"136","author":"Ramanadham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003160","article-title":"Facial contouring by targeted restoration of facial fat compartment volume: the midface","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000156333.57852.2F","article-title":"A volumetric analysis of soft-tissue changes in the aging midface using high-resolution MRI: implications for facial rejuvenation","volume":"115","author":"Gosain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000035","article-title":"The clinical importance of the fat compartments in midfacial aging","volume":"1","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-018-1249-0","article-title":"Patterns of superficial midfacial fat volume distribution differ by age and body mass index","volume":"43","author":"Tower","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-018-1134-x","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of superficial midfacial fat volumes over a 10-year period","volume":"42","author":"Tower","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2014.08.009","article-title":"Deep plane face lifting for midface rejuvenation","volume":"42","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544250","article-title":"Illusion of volume loss","volume":"31","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182362b96","article-title":"Aging changes of the midfacial fat compartments: a computed tomographic study","volume":"129","author":"Gierloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023012701530784900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0743","article-title":"Patterns of change in facial skeletal aging","volume":"19","author":"Paskhover","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg."}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery 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