{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:50:27Z","timestamp":1791989427896,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), also known as the facial nerve, is an anatomically intricate structure the branches of which serve several physiologic functions. CN VII innervates the muscles of facial expression which are crucial for eye protection, oral competence, and social interaction. The temporal branch, clinically referred to as the frontotemporal branch (FTB), is the most superior of the 5 branches and is at risk during cutaneous surgery of the parotid gland and in the temporal region. Several methods for delineating the FTB trajectory exist, the most widely known being Pitanguy\u2019s Line, which is defined as running from 0.5 cm below the tragus to 1.5 cm above the lateral eyebrow. However, variations in eyebrow location, often affected by modern-day cosmetic trends, complicate the accuracy of this approach.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to develop a surgical landmark to identify FTB location without relying on soft tissue structures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To minimize variation, we chose landmarks that were both consistent and easy to locate based on simple surface anatomy. Twenty-one cadaver hemifaces were dissected in order to locate the FTB in relation to the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and the apex of the tragus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that the mean \u00b1 SEM distance from the apex of the tragus to the point where the FTB crossed the inferior border of the zygomatic arch was 3.21 \u00b1 0.05 cm.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Through the use of this measurement, we aim to avoid the pitfalls of previous techniques by providing a widely applicable clinical tool based on landmarks easily found on any patient.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 4<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1561823556000},"page":"NP223-NP227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Simple Clinical Application for Locating the Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve Using the Zygomatic Arch and the Tragus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kit","family":"Green Sanderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariah","family":"Colussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0001","volume-title":"Master Medicine: Clinical Anatomy","author":"Monkhouse","year":"2007","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196610000-00010","article-title":"The frontal branch of the facial nerve: the importance of its variations in face lifting","volume":"38","author":"Pitanguy","year":"1966","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00026","article-title":"Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis","volume":"25","author":"Coulson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2016.1462","article-title":"Association among facial paralysis, depression, and quality of life in facial plastic surgery patients","volume":"19","author":"Nellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0005","first-page":"15","article-title":"Facial nerve injury following superficial temporal artery biopsy","volume":"27","author":"Bhatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2003.06.007","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy for head and neck melanomas","volume":"10","author":"Chao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023012701550019300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197912000-00005","article-title":"Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. 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