{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:47:19Z","timestamp":1778741239257,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The etiology of capsular contracture (CC), the most common complication following breast augmentation, remains unclear. Chronic, fibrotic inflammation resulting in excessive fibrosis has been proposed as a potential mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between biomarkers that are associated with inflammation and fibrosis and the severity of CC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifty healthy females were categorized into 3 groups: females with no-to-mild CC (Baker 1-2; n = 15), females with severe CC (Baker 3-4; n = 20), and a control group awaiting breast augmentation (n = 15). We assessed 5 biomarkers (galectin-1 [Gal-1], interferon-\u03b2 [INF-\u03b2], interferon-\u03b3 [INF-\u03b3], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 [TNF-\u03b1]) in breast implant capsules and serum samples.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No significant differences in intracapsular cytokine levels were observed between the Baker 1-2 and the Baker 3-4 groups, as the levels were generally low and, in some cases, almost undetectable. In the blood samples, no significant differences in Gal-1, INF-\u03b3, IL-6, or TNF-\u03b1 levels were found within the 3 groups. We identified significantly increased levels of INF-\u03b2 (P = .009) in the blood samples of females with severe CC, driven mainly by 3 extremely high values.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cytokines assessed in this study did not reflect the degree of CC among females with silicone breast implants. However, 3 females with severe CC, who all had prolonged silicone exposure, showed extremely elevated levels of INF-\u03b2 in their serum samples. This possible association between prolonged silicone exposure and systemic inflammation in some females should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 3<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojae008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T22:36:46Z","timestamp":1708468606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Local and Systemic Immunological Biomarkers in Females With Breast Implants and Capsular Contracture"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Karlinde A","family":"Spit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siham","family":"Azahaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christel J 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