{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:28:06Z","timestamp":1768411686374,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":122,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Postbreast surgery pain syndrome (PBSPS) represents chronic, persistent pain after breast surgery, which occurs in 13% to 60% of patients. Intercostal neuroma formation is one cause of PBSPS. Treatment of neuroma-related PBSPS with regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNI) has been demonstrated; however, prevention of PBSPS has not. The authors of this report aim to evaluate whether intercostal nerve RPNI prevents PBSPS in patients undergoing mastectomy with breast reconstruction. Consecutive patients who underwent a mastectomy and breast reconstruction with intercostal nerve RPNI attempted were included. RPNI was performed using a nearby pectoralis, intercostal, or serratus muscle graft. The primary outcome was postoperative intercostal neuroma-related PBSPS. This was defined by pain with location on the lateral chest wall, neuropathic quality, moderate severity, presence &amp;gt;50% of the time, and for &amp;gt;6 months. Twelve patients (19 breasts) were included. The median age was 54.7 years. Intercostal nerve RPNI was attempted for each breast and was achieved in 17 of 19 breasts (89.5%). In 2 breasts, no intercostal nerve could be identified. Surveys were completed by 9 patients (75.0%). One patient, with unilateral reconstruction, developed PBSPS (5.3% [1\/19] of mastectomies, 8.3% [1\/12] of patients). Complications included surgical-site cellulitis in 5.3% (1\/19 breasts) and seroma in 31.6% (6\/19 breasts). The median follow-up period was 19.0 months. The authors report a low rate of intercostal neuroma-related PBSPS after prophylactic intercostal RPNI. Because of the small sample size, further study is required to determine the contribution of neuroma formation to the overall incidence of PBSPS, and the efficacy of RPNI to prevent it.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojaf037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T06:06:17Z","timestamp":1746252377000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intercostal Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Prevention of Neuroma-Associated Postbreast Surgery Pain Syndrome in Breast Reconstruction: A Proof-of-Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ian T","family":"Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2227-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron 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E","family":"Kurlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kokosis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062619213295300_ojaf037-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.000716","article-title":"Post-breast surgery pain syndrome: establishing a consensus for the definition of post-mastectomy pain syndrome to provide a standardized clinical and research approach\u2014a review of the literature and discussion","volume":"59","author":"Waltho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"2025062619213295300_ojaf037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2019.07.05","article-title":"Re-visiting post-breast surgery pain syndrome: risk factors, peripheral nerve associations and clinical 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