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Rice yield is strongly influenced by soil nitrogen fertility, which is supported by biological nitrogen fixation. Using soil metatranscriptomic analysis and isolation-cultivation experiments, we recently discovered iron-reducing Deltaproteobacteria as the predominant but previously overlooked drivers of nitrogen fixation in paddy soil. As these bacteria utilize Fe3+ as an electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, we hypothesized that amending soils with Fe3+-rich iron oxides would enhance their nitrogen-fixing activity. Laboratory and field experiments confirmed that applying iron oxides with low crystallinity significantly stimulated the diazotrophic activity of iron-reducing bacteria, enabling reduced nitrogen fertilizer input in rice cultivation, with a reduced nitrogen burden to the environment. Recognition of iron-reducing diazotrophs has opened a new research frontier: using metals, particularly crystalline forms of iron oxides, in sustainable agricultural systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaf156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:22:19Z","timestamp":1761744139000},"page":"464-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Iron oxide minerals: promising materials for sustainable rice production via stimulating iron-reducing diazotrophs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-city, Tokyo ,113-8657","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-city, Tokyo, 113-8657 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