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Evolving from the first-generation S antigen vaccine, we developed second-generation (M antigen) and third-generation (L antigen) vaccines with enhanced protective efficacy, the latter giving rise to BNCs. BNCs retain the human liver-specific infection machinery of HBV and exhibit stealth, targeting, and endosomal escape abilities as a drug delivery system (DDS). Furthermore, BNCs have been applied to re-targeting via antibody display and as nanoscaffolds for high-sensitivity biosensors, resulting in breakthroughs across DDS, infection-mechanism elucidation, and biosensing technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaf173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1763816606000},"page":"149-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative applications of bionanocapsule derived from hepatitis B virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Shun\u2019ichi","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SANKEN, The University of Osaka , Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 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