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These oxides are ubiquitous in the ocean and provide reactive mineral surfaces that control elemental abundances and isotope ratios in seawater. Recent synchrotron-based spectroscopy and high-precision isotope analyses have significantly improved the molecular-scale understanding of elemental partitioning and isotope fractionation, which establishes a basis for understanding the relationships between minerals and seawater. Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, which grow extremely slowly on the seafloor, archive paleoceanographic information over tens of millions of years, including ocean chemistry, water mass structure, and ocean circulation. Furthermore, ancient terrestrial Fe-Mn deposits provide constraints on the oxygenation of Earth\u2019s surface as a consequence of interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, lithosphere, and biosphere. Progress in Fe-Mn oxide research will facilitate a deeper understanding of ocean chemistry, and the evolution of marine and Earth systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbag029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:27:57Z","timestamp":1770726477000},"page":"457-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding marine environments through ferromanganese oxides"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Teruhiko","family":"Kashiwabara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) , 2-15 Natsushimacho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0068 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2343\/geochemj.2.0463","article-title":"Surface layer Nd isotopic composition of ferromanganese crusts collected from the Takuyo-Daigo Seamount reflects ambient seawater","volume":"51","author":"Amakawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geochem J"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069651","article-title":"Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge?","volume":"297","author":"Anbar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.34.031405.125029","article-title":"Metal stable isotopes in paleoceanography","volume":"35","author":"Anbar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.11.013","article-title":"Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide","volume":"72","author":"Balistrieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00608-3","article-title":"Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides","volume":"217","author":"Barling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci Lett"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-095975-7.00719-1","article-title":"Iron formations: their origins and implications for ancient seawater chemistry","volume":"9","author":"Bekker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Treatise on Geochemistry"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.105.3.467","article-title":"Iron formation: the sedimentary product of a complex interplay among mantle, tectonic, oceanic, and biospheric processes","volume":"105","author":"Bekker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Econ Geol"},{"key":"2026032010315915900_bib68_251_205326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746492","article-title":"Calculation of equilibrium constants for isotopic exchange reactions","volume":"15","author":"Bigeleisen","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. 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