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Studies in social mammals have often focused on how variables related to nutrition influence maturation age in females. However, parallel investigations have identified conspicuous male-mediated effects in which female maturation is sensitive to the presence and relatedness of males. Here, we evaluated whether the more \u201cclassic\u201d socioecological variables (i.e., maternal rank, group size) predict maturation age in wild geladas\u2014a primate species with known male-mediated effects on maturation and a grassy diet that is not expected to generate intense female competition. Females delayed maturation in the presence of their fathers and quickly matured when unrelated, dominant males arrived. Controlling for these male effects, however, higher-ranking daughters matured at earlier ages than lower-ranking daughters, suggesting an effect of within-group contest competition. However, contrary to predictions related to within-group scramble competition, females matured earliest in larger groups. We attribute this result to either: 1) a shift to \u201cfaster\u201d development in response to the high infant mortality risk posed by larger groups; or 2) accelerated maturation triggered by brief, unobserved male visits. While earlier ages at maturation were indeed associated with earlier ages at first birth, these benefits were occasionally offset by male takeovers, which can delay successful reproduction via spontaneous abortion. In sum, rank-related effects on reproduction can still occur even when socioecological theory would predict otherwise, and males (and the risks they pose) may prompt female maturation even outside of successful takeovers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arac028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T12:08:23Z","timestamp":1646395703000},"page":"654-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Social drivers of maturation age in female geladas"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3087-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A","family":"Feder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University , Circle Rd, Stony Brook, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacinta C","family":"Beehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan , S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Church St, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Baniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University , E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thore J","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Church St, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan , N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Snyder-Mackler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University , E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University , S. 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