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Yet this raises a paradox: if there is strong selection for optimal display choreography within species, how do courtship displays begin to diverge? To address this, we measure how the choreography of courtship changes among three populations of the dancing dune fly\u2014Apotropina ornatipennis Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae)\u2014a species in which males and females spend their days cavorting on Australia's hot sandy beaches. Merging population genetics with detailed quantification of the courtship display, we explore which elements of the display are the first to diverge between isolated populations, whether new behaviors arise rapidly, and whether sequence rearrangements occur in the modular structure of the display. We find that these tiny flies express courtship repertoires that rival some of the most sophisticated displays in the animal kingdom. Yet despite clear genetic and geographic isolation, the complex choreography of courtship is largely stable\u2014with the frequency of \u201cwing sweep\u201d emerging as the only display element showing evidence of divergence among populations. In contrast to the notion that courtship behavior should be highly evolvable and rapidly diverge among allopatric populations, our findings suggest that complex courtship displays can remain remarkably stable over short evolutionary timescales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arag048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:20:59Z","timestamp":1777515659000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Courtship choreography is stabilized among genetically isolated populations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J","family":"Butterworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Ecological, Plant and Animal Sciences, La Trobe University , Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC 3086 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas E","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake M","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong , Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2500 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Monash University , Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"McGaughran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Aka M\u0101tuatua, School of Science, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Markowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Monash University , Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M","family":"Bayless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections 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