{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:16:32Z","timestamp":1764494192928,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded gene regulators of 18\u201325 bp in length. They play a crucial role in regulating several biological processes in insects. However, the functions of miRNA in Glossina pallidipes, one of the biological vectors of African animal trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa, remain poorly characterized. We used a combination of both molecular biology and bioinformatics techniques to identify miRNA genes at different developmental stages (larvae, pupae, teneral and reproductive unmated adults, gravid females) and sexes of G. pallidipes. We identified 157 mature miRNA genes, including 12 novel miRNAs unique to G. pallidipes. Moreover, we identified 93 miRNA genes that were differentially expressed by sex and\/or in specific developmental stages. By combining both miRanda and RNAhybrid algorithms, we identified 5550 of their target genes. Further analyses with the Gene Ontology term and KEGG pathways for these predicted target genes suggested that the miRNAs may be involved in key developmental biological processes. Our results provide the first repository of G. pallidipes miRNAs across developmental stages, some of which appear to play crucial roles in tsetse fly development. Hence, our findings provide a better understanding of tsetse biology and a baseline for exploring miRNA genes in tsetse flies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Raw sequence data are available from NCBI Sequence Read Archives (SRA) under Bioproject accession number PRJNA590626.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioadv\/vbab047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T12:09:39Z","timestamp":1640347779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The developmentally dynamic microRNA transcriptome of <i>Glossina pallidipes<\/i> tsetse flies, vectors of animal trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Careen","family":"Naitore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) , P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jandouwe","family":"Villinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caleb K","family":"Kibet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shewit","family":"Kalayou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel L","family":"Bargul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) , P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Christoffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel K","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111617392993400_vbab047-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600304113","article-title":"Mammalian African trypanosome VSG coat enhances tsetse\u2019s vector competence","volume":"113","author":"Aksoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022111617392993400_vbab047-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1591-0","article-title":"Identification and characterization of microRNAs expressed in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus life stages using high throughput sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Allam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. 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