{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:06:50Z","timestamp":1789736810112,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SNSF Eccellenza Grant to MRR","award":["PCEGP3-181181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCEGP3-181181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genomic measurements of DNA methylation, gene expression or protein levels are becoming more prevalent and are increasingly used to study health outcomes. However, most proposed association testing methods consider only marginal effects of each feature on a single outcome variable and are not set up to handle highly correlated, continuous data. Here, we introduce MAJA, a method to learn shared and outcome-specific effects for multiple traits in multi-omics data. MAJA determines the unique contribution of individual loci, genes, or molecular pathways to variation in one or more traits, conditional on all other measured \u201comics\u201d data genome-wide. Simulations show MAJA accurately finds shared and distinct associations between omics-data and multiple traits and estimates omics-specific (co)variances, allowing for sparsity and correlations within the data. Applying MAJA to 12 outcome traits in Generation Scotland methylation data (n\u2009=\u200918\u2006264), we find novel shared epigenetic probes among cholesterol metabolism, osteoarthritis, blood pressure and asthma. In contrast to marginal testing, we find only 10 CpG probes with significant effects above the genome-wide background. This highlights the need for joint association testing in highly correlated methylation data from whole blood and for studies of increased sample size in order to refine epigenomic associations in observational data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioadv\/vbag231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:41:37Z","timestamp":1786448497000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MAJA: multivariate Bayesian model for discovery of shared epigenetic pathways across human phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Kr\u00e4tschmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Klosterneuburg, 3400,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH4 2XU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH4 2XU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bernabeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH4 2XU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigmund Freud University Faculty of Medicine, , Vienna, 1020,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0198-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archie","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH4 2XU,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH16 4UX,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janie","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon R","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo E","family":"Marioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH4 2XU,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria , Klosterneuburg, 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