{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:12:24Z","timestamp":1790741544477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62350004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62350004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62332020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62332020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A2041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"High Performance Computing Center of Central South University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Protein\u2013protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental aspects in understanding biological processes. Accurately predicting the effects of mutations on PPIs remains a critical requirement for drug design and disease mechanistic studies. Recently, deep learning models using protein 3D structures have become predominant for predicting mutation effects. However, significant challenges remain in practical applications, in part due to the considerable disparity in generalization capabilities between easy and hard mutations. Specifically, a hard mutation is defined as one with its maximum TM-score &amp;lt;0.6 when compared to the training set. Additionally, compared to physics-based approaches, deep learning models may overestimate performance due to potential data leakage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose new training\/test splits that mitigate data leakage according to the CATH homologous superfamily. Under the constraints of physical energy, protein 3D structures, and CATH domain objectives, we employ a hybrid noise strategy as data augmentation and present a geometric encoder scenario, named CATH-ddG, to represent the mutational microenvironment differences between wild-type and mutated protein complexes. Additionally, we fine-tune ESM2 representations by incorporating a lightweight nonlinear module to achieve the transferability of sequence co-evolutionary information. Finally, our study demonstrates that CATH-ddG framework provides enhanced generalization by outperforming other baselines on non-superfamily leakage splits, which plays a crucial role in exploring robust mutation effect regression prediction. Independent case studies demonstrate successful enhancement of binding affinity on 419 antibody variants to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and 285 variants in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CATH-ddG is available at https:\/\/github.com\/ak422\/CATH-ddG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaf228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T07:55:48Z","timestamp":1745826948000},"page":"i362-i372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["CATH-ddG: towards robust mutation effect prediction on protein\u2013protein interactions out of CATH homologous superfamily"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Guanglei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830017,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehua","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi 830017,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Lab on 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