{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:16:12Z","timestamp":1787940972328,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Scalable data analytics and artificial intelligence"},{"name":"the Center for Advanced Systems Understanding"},{"name":"Germany\u2019s Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"name":"Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture, and Tourism"},{"name":"Mildred Scheel Early Career Center Dresden P2"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"German Cancer Aid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FOSTER\u2014Funds for Student Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome stability is shaped by DNA sequence and chromatin context, but their relative contributions to double-strand break (DSB) sensitivity remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show that the DNA language model, GROVER, can infer DSB location based on sequence. DSB hotspots tend to contain GC-rich sequences that belong to promoters, genes and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Additionally, we identified several specific short sequences (tokens) that are associated with modulating DSB sensitivity. Another model using chromatin and genome regulatory features outperforms the sequence-only model, highlighting complementary and cell-type specific information. Integrating sequence and genome biological features yields the best performance, demonstrating their synergy. Analyzing this model revealed that, dependent on the sample, genome stability information encoded in H3K36me3 and DNase-seq can be learned from the sequence, but not H3K27ac or H3K9me3. Embedding chromatin data directly into the GROVER architecture enabled cell-type specific modeling with performance matching the full chromatin feature model. Our results suggest that while chromatin and regulatory context provides important information, such as cell-type specificity, much of the information shaping DSB patterns is already encoded in the DNA sequence itself. Our integrative modeling approach not only reveals DSB patterns but also provides a generalizable strategy for tracing predictions in genomic data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availability<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data, models, and a tutorial are available on Zenodo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btag602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:42:02Z","timestamp":1786448522000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using the DNA language model, GROVER, to parse effects of sequence, chromatin and regulatory features on genome stability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Pierre M","family":"Joubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) , G\u00f6rlitz,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Vlasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne , Cologne,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne , Cologne,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease (IGSAD), University of Cologne , Cologne,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Janakievski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna R","family":"Poetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t , 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