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A lot of HTCA-specific components have evolved to strengthen the attachment of the tail to the implantation fossa at the sperm head. Defects in HTCA formation lead to acephalic spermatozoa syndrome and pathologies of some male infertility. Recent studies have provided insights into the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of acephalic spermatozoa syndrome. Here, we summarize the proteins involved in sperm neck development and focus on their roles in the formation of HTCA. In addition, we discuss the fine structures of the sperm neck in different species from an evolutionary view, highlighting the potential conservative mechanism of HTCA formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T14:22:43Z","timestamp":1580307763000},"page":"988-998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The coupling apparatus of the sperm head and tail\u2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020042804062084400_ref1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Making sperm: design, quality control and sperm 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