{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:17:28Z","timestamp":1791591448625,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"RPI Consulting LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interleukin (IL)-1 system plays a major role in immune responses and inflammation. The IL-1 system components include IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-1 receptor type 1 and IL-1 receptor type 2 (decoy receptor), IL-1 receptor accessory protein, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). These components have been shown to play a role in pregnancy, specifically in embryo-maternal communication for implantation, placenta development, and protection against infections. As gestation advances, maternal tissues experience increasing fetal demand and physical stress and IL-1\u03b2 is induced. Dependent on the levels of IL-1Ra, which regulates IL-1\u03b2 activity, a pro-inflammatory response may or may not occur. If there is an inflammatory response, prostaglandins are synthesized that may lead to myometrial contractions and the initiation of labor. Many studies have examined the role of the IL-1 system in pregnancy by independently measuring plasma, cervical, and amniotic fluid IL-1\u03b2 or IL-1Ra levels. Other studies have tested for polymorphisms in IL-1\u03b2 and IL-1Ra genes in women experiencing pregnancy complications such as early pregnancy loss, in vitro fertilization failure, pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery. Data from those studies suggest a definite role for the IL-1 system in successful pregnancy outcomes. However, as anticipated, the results varied among different experimental models, ethnicities, and disease states. Here, we review the current literature and propose that measurement of IL-1Ra in relation to IL-1 may be useful in predicting the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T12:32:45Z","timestamp":1592310765000},"page":"684-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The role of the IL-1 system in pregnancy and the use of IL-1 system markers to identify women at risk for pregnancy complications\u2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Equils","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RPI Consulting LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Kellogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RPI Consulting LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group B Strep International, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gravett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Neal-Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Gabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Geneva, Geneva, 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