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Adenylate kinase (AK), which interconverts two ADP molecules into stoichiometric amounts of ATP and AMP, plays a critical role in buffering adenine nucleotides throughout the tail to support flagellar motility. Yet the role of the major AK isoform, AK1, is still not well characterized. Here, by using a proteomic analysis of testis biopsy samples, we found that AK1 levels were significantly decreased in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. This result was further verified by immunohistochemical staining of AK1 on a tissue microarray. AK1 was found to be expressed in post-meiotic round and elongated spermatids in mouse testis and subsequent mature sperm in the epididymis. We then generated Ak1 knockout mice, which showed that AK1 deficiency did not induce any defects in testis development, spermatogenesis, or sperm morphology and motility under physiological conditions. We further investigated detergent-modeled epididymal sperm and included individual or mixed adenine nucleotides to mimic energy stress. When only ADP was available, Ak1 disruption largely compromised sperm motility, manifested as a smaller beating amplitude and higher beating frequency, which resulted in less effective forward swimming. The energy restriction\/recover experiments with intact sperm further addressed this finding. Besides, decreased AK activity was observed in sperm of a male fertility disorder mouse model induced by cadmium chloride. These results cumulatively demonstrate that AK1 was dispensable for testis development, spermatogenesis, or sperm motility under physiological conditions, but was required for sperm to maintain a constant adenylate energy charge to support sperm motility under conditions of energy stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T09:50:31Z","timestamp":1596448231000},"page":"1121-1131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Adenylate kinase 1 deficiency disrupts mouse sperm motility under conditions of energy stress\u2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Minyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuge","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110400412214400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13457","article-title":"Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2020110400412214400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox096","article-title":"Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects","volume":"97","author":"Lehti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020110400412214400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21338","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the mammalian sperm flagellum","volume":"73","author":"Lindemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"2020110400412214400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.135123","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis: what fuel do spermatozoa use?","volume":"17","author":"du Plessis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2020110400412214400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20613","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.664813","article-title":"Differences in ATP generation via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and relationships with sperm motility in mouse species","volume":"290","author":"Tourmente","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol 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