{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:01:34Z","timestamp":1789642894643,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R03HD098469-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03HD098469-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pro-pregnancy hormone progesterone (P4) helps to maintain a quiescent status of uterine tissues during gestation. However, P4\u2019s functional role in maintaining fetal membrane (amniochorion) integrity remains unclear. P4 functions through its membrane receptors (progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMCs)) as fetal membrane cells lack nuclear receptors. This study screened the differential expression of PGRMCs in the fetal membranes and tested P4\u2013PGRMC interactions under normal and oxidative stress (OS) conditions expected that can disrupt P4\u2013PGRMC interactions impacting fetal membrane stability resulting in parturition. Human fetal membranes were collected from term and preterm deliveries (N\u00a0=\u00a05). Immunohistochemistry and western blot localized and determined differential expression of P4 receptors. Primary amnion epithelial, mesenchymal (AMCs), and chorion cell were treated with P4 alone or co-treated (P4\u00a0+\u00a0OS induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE)). Proximity ligation assay (PLA) documented P4\u2013receptor binding, whereas P4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay documented culture supernatant levels. Immunohistology confirmed lack of nuclear progesterone receptors; however, confirmed expressions of PGRMC 1 and 2. Term labor (P\u00a0=\u00a00.01) and preterm rupture (P\u00a0=\u00a00.01) are associated with significant downregulation of PGRMC2. OS-induced differential downregulation of PGRMCs in both amnion and chorion cells (all P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05) and downregulates P4 release (AMCs; P\u00a0=\u00a00.01). The PLA showed preferential receptor\u2013ligand binding in amnion and chorion cells. Co-treatment of P4\u00a0+\u00a0CSE did not reverse CSE-induced effects. In conclusion, P4\u2013PGRMCs interaction maintains fetal membranes\u2019 functional integrity throughout pregnancy. Increased OS reduces endogenous P4 production and cell type-dependent downregulation of PGRMCs. These changes can lead to fetal membrane-specific \u201cfunctional progesterone withdrawal,\u201d contributing to the dysfunctional fetal membrane status seen at term and preterm conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1602617982000},"page":"445-456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Progesterone receptor membrane components: key regulators of fetal membrane integrity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Violetta","family":"Lozovyy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramkumar","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 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