{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:08:22Z","timestamp":1792390102798,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"name":"AFRI","award":["2016-67015-24741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-67015-24741"]}]},{"name":"AFRI","award":["2015-67015-23678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-67015-23678"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In ruminants, conceptus elongation requires the endometrium and its secretions. The amino acid, carbohydrate, and protein composition of the uterine lumen during early pregnancy has been defined in sheep; however, a comprehensive understanding of metabolomic changes in the uterine lumen is lacking, particularly with respect to lipids. Here, the lipidome and primary metabolome of the uterine lumen, endometrium, and\/or conceptus was determined on day 14 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Lipid droplets and select triglycerides were depleted in the endometrium of pregnant ewes. In contrast, select ceramides, diglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids as well as several phospholipid classes (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerols, and diacylglycerols) were elevated in the uterine lumen of pregnant ewes. Lipidomic analysis of the conceptus revealed that triglycerides are particularly abundant within the conceptus. Primary metabolite analyses found elevated amino acids, carbohydrates, and energy substrates, among others, in the uterine lumen of pregnant ewes. Collectively, this study supports the hypothesis that lipids are important components of the uterine lumen that govern conceptus elongation and growth during early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T02:34:00Z","timestamp":1616726040000},"page":"87-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Insights into the lipidome and primary metabolome of the uterus from day 14 cyclic and pregnant sheep"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Eleanore V","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-5-53","article-title":"Conceptus elongation in ruminants: roles of progesterone, prostaglandin, interferon tau and cortisol","volume":"5","author":"Brooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cellular interactions during implantation in domestic ruminants","volume":"49","author":"Guillomot","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref3","first-page":"379","article-title":"Fetal-maternal interactions during the establishment of pregnancy in ruminants","volume":"64","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1071\/RD06102","article-title":"Pregnancy recognition and conceptus implantation in domestic ruminants: roles of progesterone, interferons and endogenous retroviruses","volume":"19","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio238129a0","article-title":"Prostaglandin F 2 identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep","volume":"238","author":"McCracken","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nat New Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15856-3_7","article-title":"Establishment of pregnancy in ruminants","volume":"216","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04104","article-title":"Stereomicroscopic and histological examination of bovine embryos following extended in vitro culture","volume":"17","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19860609","article-title":"Experimental studies on the elongation of the ewe blastocyst","volume":"26","author":"Flechon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240289","article-title":"Evidence that absence of endometrial gland secretions in uterine gland knockout ewes compromises conceptus survival and elongation","volume":"124","author":"Gray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.6.1608","article-title":"Endometrial glands are required for preimplantation conceptus elongation and survival","volume":"64","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.01.083","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: novel regulators of conceptus-uterine interactions?","volume":"150","author":"O'Neil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115321","article-title":"Development and function of uterine glands in domestic animals","volume":"7","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090913","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in luminal fluid of the ovine uterus","volume":"9","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.073890","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. III. Cationic amino acid transporters in the ovine uterus and peri-implantation conceptuses","volume":"80","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.071597","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. I. Amino acids, glucose, and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes","volume":"80","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz191","article-title":"Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: I. Glucose, prostaglandins, and lipidsdagger","volume":"102","author":"Moraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20607","article-title":"Amino acids in oviduct and uterine fluid and blood plasma during the estrous cycle in the bovine","volume":"74","author":"Hugentobler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44040-6","article-title":"The influence of progesterone on bovine uterine fluid energy, nucleotide, vitamin, cofactor, peptide, and xenobiotic composition during the conceptus elongation-initiation window","volume":"9","author":"Simintiras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076257","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. VI. Expression of FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 (FRAP1) and regulators and effectors of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes in ovine uteri and conceptuses","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.085738","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. VII. Effects of arginine, leucine, glutamine, and glucose on trophectoderm cell signaling, proliferation, and migration","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.085753","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. VIII. Arginine stimulates proliferation of ovine trophectoderm cells through MTOR-RPS6K-RPS6 signaling cascade and synthesis of nitric oxide and polyamines","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa019","article-title":"Characterization and regulation of extracellular vesicles in the lumen of the ovine uterusdagger","volume":"102","author":"O'Neil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-06-0092","article-title":"Pregnancy and interferon tau regulate RSAD2 and IFIH1 expression in the ovine uterus","volume":"133","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240667","article-title":"Amino acid turnover by elongating cattle blastocysts recovered on days 14-16 after insemination","volume":"124","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.123877","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARG) regulates conceptus elongation in sheep","volume":"92","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13469","article-title":"Symposium review: Lipids as regulators of conceptus development: implications for metabolic regulation of reproduction in dairy cattle","volume":"101","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0104","article-title":"Role of lipids on elongation of the preimplantation conceptus in ruminants","volume":"152","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0615","article-title":"Progesterone alters the bovine uterine fluid lipidome during the period of elongation","volume":"157","author":"Simintiras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.134908","article-title":"Biology of preimplantation conceptus at the onset of elongation in dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D700041-JLR200","article-title":"Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics","volume":"49","author":"Matyash","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.055","article-title":"Imaging of neutral lipids by oil red O for analyzing the metabolic status in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Mehlem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1934-z","article-title":"ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data","volume":"18","author":"Rueden","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz101","article-title":"The biochemistry surrounding bovine conceptus elongationdagger","volume":"101","author":"Simintiras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref35","first-page":"672","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of progesterone-induced alterations in bovine uterine fluid amino acid and carbohydrate composition during the conceptus elongation windowdagger","volume":"100","author":"Simintiras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.071654","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. ii. Glucose transporters in the uterus and peri-implantation conceptuses","volume":"80","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15203-1","article-title":"Lipidomic and biophysical homeostasis of mammalian membranes counteracts dietary lipid perturbations to maintain cellular fitness","volume":"11","author":"Levental","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.04.009","article-title":"Flexibility sustains epithelial tissue homeostasis","volume":"60","author":"Tai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0790569","article-title":"Assessment of sheep blastocyst effects on neutral lipids in the uterine caruncular epithelium","volume":"79","author":"Boshier","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1973.365919x","article-title":"Control by progesterone of the concentration of lipid droplets in epithelial cells of the sheep endometrium","volume":"36","author":"Brinsfield","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600413-JLR200","article-title":"Lipidomics reveals that adiposomes store ether lipids and mediate phospholipid traffic","volume":"48","author":"Bartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0085-z","article-title":"Dynamics and functions of lipid droplets","volume":"20","author":"Olzmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S317","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800051-JLR200","article-title":"Imaging of lipid species by MALDI mass spectrometry","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref44","first-page":"216","article-title":"MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of lipids and gene expression reveals differences in fatty acid metabolism between follicular compartments in porcine ovaries","volume":"4","author":"Uzbekova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2217\/17460875.3.3.273","article-title":"Ceramide signaling in cancer and stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Bieberich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Lipidol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35617","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007346200","article-title":"Ceramide directly activates protein kinase C zeta to regulate a stress-activated protein kinase signaling complex","volume":"275","author":"Bourbon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref47","first-page":"158438","article-title":"Substrate channeling in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway regulates the synthesis, storage and secretion of glycerolipids","volume":"2020","author":"Lee","year":"1865","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003144","article-title":"Diacylglycerol kinases: emerging downstream regulators in cell signaling systems","volume":"131","author":"Kanoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912684117","article-title":"Live-cell lipid biochemistry reveals a role of diacylglycerol side-chain composition for cellular lipid dynamics and protein affinities","volume":"117","author":"Schuhmacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092477","article-title":"Inside the endometrial cell signaling subway: mind the gap(s)","volume":"19","author":"Makieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2004.03.025","article-title":"Phosphoinositide signaling; from affinity probes to pharmaceutical targets","volume":"11","author":"Prestwich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.01-09-0457","article-title":"Genetic ablation of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein function in murine embryonic stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Alb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Organellar contacts of milk lipid droplets","author":"Monks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2012-0025","article-title":"Milk lipid secretion: recent biomolecular aspects","volume":"3","author":"McManaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomol Concepts"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(97)90554-8","article-title":"Changes in uterine endometrial phospholipids and fatty acids throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the ewe","volume":"57","author":"Meier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-321","article-title":"Alterations in expression of endometrial genes coding for proteins secreted into the uterine lumen during conceptus elongation in cattle","volume":"14","author":"Forde","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref57","first-page":"1221","article-title":"The perilipin family of lipid droplet proteins: gatekeepers of intracellular lipolysis","volume":"2017","author":"Sztalryd","year":"1862","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2481","article-title":"Plasma lipoproteins: genetic influences and clinical implications","volume":"10","author":"Hegele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33787-4","article-title":"Lipolysis and lipid absorption in the stomach of the suckling rat","volume":"59","author":"Helander","year":"1970","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000084","article-title":"Intestinal lipid absorption and lipoprotein formation","volume":"25","author":"Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.141945","article-title":"Analysis of the uterine epithelial and conceptus transcriptome and luminal fluid proteome during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy in sheep","volume":"95","author":"Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100096b","article-title":"Proteomic profile of uterine luminal fluid from early pregnant ewes","volume":"9","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref63","first-page":"459","article-title":"Passage of bovine serum albumin from the mother to rabbit blastocysts. I. Passage from the circulation to uterine lumen","volume":"30","author":"Crutchfield","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0820857","article-title":"The blood-uterine lumen barrier and exchange between extracellular fluids","volume":"82","author":"McRae","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20494","article-title":"A potential role for triglyceride as an energy source during bovine oocyte maturation and early embryo development","volume":"73","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0466","article-title":"Acylcarnitines: reflecting or inflicting insulin resistance?","volume":"62","author":"Schooneman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-016-2254-8","article-title":"The glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) metabolism and its nutritional implications","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1060-6","article-title":"Alpha-ketoglutarate inhibits glutamine degradation and enhances protein synthesis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells","volume":"42","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00310-6","article-title":"The role of essential trace elements in embryonic and fetal development in livestock","volume":"166","author":"Hostetler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz197","article-title":"Analysis of the uterine lumen in fertility-classified heifers: II. Proteins and metabolitesdagger","volume":"102","author":"Moraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.01.005","article-title":"Glutamine metabolism in cancer: understanding the heterogeneity","volume":"3","author":"Cluntun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088153","article-title":"Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. IX. Differential effects of arginine, leucine, glutamine, and glucose on interferon tau, ornithine decarboxylase, and nitric oxide synthase in the ovine conceptus","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.02.004","article-title":"mTOR: A placental growth signaling sensor","volume":"26","author":"Wen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0538","article-title":"Exosomes, endogenous retroviruses and toll-like receptors: pregnancy recognition in ewes","volume":"149","author":"Ruiz-Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.86","article-title":"Using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 for comprehensive and integrative metabolomics data analysis","volume":"68","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10050186","article-title":"MetaboAnalystR 3.0: toward an optimized workflow for global metabolomics","volume":"10","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.08.026","article-title":"Mechanistic mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) cell signaling: effects of select nutrients and secreted phosphoprotein 1 on development of mammalian conceptuses","volume":"354","author":"Bazer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.12.2083","article-title":"Urea biosynthesis I. the urea cycle and relationships to the citric acid cycle","volume":"30","author":"Shambaugh","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400155","article-title":"Lactate production by the mammalian blastocyst: manipulating the microenvironment for uterine implantation and invasion?","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73420-7","article-title":"Effects of urea infusion on the uterine luminal environment of dairy cows","volume":"87","author":"Rhoads","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9930383","article-title":"Glycolysis and glucose oxidation by the sheep conceptus at different oxygen concentrations","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22037","article-title":"A role for the Warburg effect in preimplantation embryo development: metabolic modification to support rapid cell proliferation","volume":"79","author":"Krisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref83","first-page":"241","article-title":"Mitochondrial-cytosolic interactions in cardiac tissue: role of the malate-aspartate cycle in the removal of glycolytic NADH from the cytosol","volume":"27","author":"Williamson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Symp Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/8904_2015_420","article-title":"Arginine functionally improves clinically relevant human galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) variants expressed in a prokaryotic model","volume":"23","author":"Coelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"JIMD Rep"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0237170100","article-title":"The maltase-glucoamylase gene: common ancestry to sucrase-isomaltase with complementary starch digestion activities","volume":"100","author":"Nichols","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-1433.2003.02682.x","article-title":"Glutathione","volume":"73","author":"Jefferies","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan2788","article-title":"Spermidine in health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Madeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021070822323796000_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101703","article-title":"Pyrophosphate metabolism and calcification","volume":"10","author":"Hamczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"}],"container-title":["Biology of Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioab053\/37902803\/ioab053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/105\/1\/87\/38863705\/ioab053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/105\/1\/87\/38863705\/ioab053.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T06:15:06Z","timestamp":1625811306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article\/105\/1\/87\/6188476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioab053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3363","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}