{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T22:35:01Z","timestamp":1769639701373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created havoc on the socio-economic aspect of the world. With billions of lives being affected by this wrecking pandemic, global fertility services were also not left untouched by its impact. The possibility of sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus, its impact on male and female fertility, pregnancy, its potential teratogenic effect, and handling of gametes in the clinical laboratories were major concerns among reproductive medicine specialists, which led down all the reproductive health services, including IUI, IVF\/ICSI in most of the countries. Even the people did not intend to conceive during the pandemic crisis and were hesitant to avail such services. Discrete evidence regarding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection and its impact on the human reproductive system is not very clear. In this review article, we intend to incorporate all the evidence related to the COVID-19 infection and its impact on human reproduction available to date. It is our responsibility to provide rightful information and to keep our patients familiar with the existing lack of clear evidence. In this COVID-19 era, it is important that the fertility management be prioritized in sub-fertile couples with diminished fertility reserve and high-risk conditions, like malignancies, that may affect their long-term fertility prospects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T01:39:11Z","timestamp":1624412351000},"page":"808-821","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["State of assisted reproduction technology in the coronavirus disease 2019 era and consequences on human reproductive system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Anadeep","family":"Chandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2131_20","article-title":"First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: a case report","volume":"151","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref2","volume-title":"COVID19 India Tracker","author":"\u201cCOVID19 India Tracker Web App\u201d"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587269","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: Structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"25 2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.035","article-title":"A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809667116","article-title":"Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A","volume":"116","author":"Hulswit","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2019.08.002","article-title":"Structural insights into coronavirus entry","volume":"105","author":"Tortorici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.14.988345","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04743","article-title":"Molecular biology of coronaviruses: current knowledge","volume":"6","author":"Artika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108175","article-title":"Single-cell RNA expression map of human coronavirus entry factors","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"22 2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"15 2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0877-5","article-title":"Clinical and virologic characteristics of the first 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Kujawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040920","article-title":"scRNA-seq profiling of human testes reveals the presence of the ACE2 receptor, a target for SARS-CoV-2 infection in spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz1482","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaz1482","article-title":"An atlas of human metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21071","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141021071","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzymes play a dominant role in fertility","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.001","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and fertility: viral host entry protein expression in male and female reproductive tissues","volume":"114","author":"Stanley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024","article-title":"No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"113","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30495-4","article-title":"Zika virus infection in semen: effect on human reproduction","volume":"17","author":"Barzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776","article-title":"Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"74","author":"Mu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Holtmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.08.068","article-title":"A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient with bilateral orchitis: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Bridwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13753","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13753","article-title":"Is there any association of COVID-19 with testicular pain and epididymo-orchitis?","volume":"75","author":"Ediz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002769","article-title":"Orchiepididymitis in a boy with COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13973","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13973","article-title":"Radiological patterns of incidental epididymitis in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients revealed by colour Doppler ultrasound","volume":"53","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging findings of acute testicular infection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"9999","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26259","article-title":"Evaluation of sex related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID 19 patients","volume":"93","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa050","article-title":"Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"23 2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1159\/000510531","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of patients in the acute stage of COVID-19 infection","volume":"104","author":"Kayaaslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-020-00344-0","article-title":"Italian males recovering from mild COVID-19 show no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen despite prolonged nasopharyngeal swab positivity","volume":"32","author":"Pavone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12848","article-title":"Absence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen of a COVID-19 patient cohort","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01261-1","article-title":"Study of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso-pharyngeal swab","volume":"43","author":"Paoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"1 2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.04.065","article-title":"Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, in prostate epithelial cells","volume":"78","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2020-0571","article-title":"The pivotal role of TMPRSS2 in coronavirus disease 2019 and prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Mollica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.04.479","article-title":"Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (n = 4532)","volume":"31","author":"Montopoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.26.20044198","article-title":"No SARS-CoV-2 in expressed prostatic secretion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a descriptive multicentre study in China","author":"Quan","year":"30 2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.06.006","article-title":"The absence of coronavirus in expressed prostatic secretion in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan city","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12939","article-title":"No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: a perspective and urogenital evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab026","article-title":"Semen impairment and occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in semen after recovery from COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Gacci","year":"1 2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.05.009","article-title":"Pathological findings in the testes of COVID-19 patients: clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200170","article-title":"Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections on testis","volume":"39","author":"Achua","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref43","article-title":"Long-term and short-term stability of viruses depend on storage temperature and preservation method","author":"Merrill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beiresources poster"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_109_20","article-title":"Joint IFS-ISAR-ACE recommendations on resuming\/opening up assisted reproductive technology services","volume":"13","author":"Prasad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.004","article-title":"COVID-19: Should we continue to cryopreserve sperm during the pandemic?","volume":"40","author":"Yakass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal. pone.0243959","article-title":"Female reproductive tract has low concentration of SARS-CoV2 receptors","volume":"15","author":"Goad","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.09.21255195","article-title":"Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-Cov-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination","author":"Bentov","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635255","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.635255","article-title":"Analysis of ovarian injury associated with COVID-19 disease in reproductive-aged women in Wuhan, China: an observational study","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"19 2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.09.020","article-title":"Analysis of sex hormones and menstruation in COVID-19 women of child-bearing age","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref50","first-page":"8948","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-(1\u20137) and angiotensin II on the proliferation and activation of human endometrial stromal cells in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Shan","year":"1 2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/11.suppl_2.95","article-title":"Dual role of angiotensin II in the human endometrium","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108327593","article-title":"The vasoactive peptide angiotensin-(1\u20137), its receptor Mas and the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 are expressed in the human endometrium","volume":"16","author":"Vaz-Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaaa030","article-title":"Potential influence of COVID-19\/ACE2 on the female reproductive system","volume":"26","author":"Jing","year":"1 2020","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa211","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, is required for human endometrial stromal cell decidualization\u2020","volume":"104","author":"Chadchan","year":"11 2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.06.026","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection risk assessment in the endometrium: viral infection-related gene expression across the menstrual cycle","volume":"114","author":"Henarejos-Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.038","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection in the female lower genital tract","volume":"223","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00737-1","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the impact of COVID-19 on human reproductive biology, assisted reproduction care and pregnancy: a Canadian perspective","volume":"13","author":"Madjunkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105770","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and polycystic ovarian disease: Is there a higher risk for these women?","volume":"205","author":"Morgante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.008615","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass","volume":"11","author":"LoMauro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref61","first-page":"737","article-title":"The Spanish flu in Iceland 1918. Lessons in medicine and history","volume":"94","author":"Gottfredsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61304-0","article-title":"H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA","volume":"374","author":"Jamieson","year":"8 2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22088","article-title":"Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome: systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Juan","year":"19 2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6925a1","article-title":"Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status\u2014United States","volume":"69","author":"Ellington","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"7 2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.11.20062356","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes, newborn complications and 28 maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in women with COVID-19: a systematic review","author":"Gajbhiye","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref67","first-page":"m2107","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Knight","year":"8 2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30176-6","article-title":"Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"1 2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref69","first-page":"1848","article-title":"Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"323","author":"Zeng","year":"12 2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00511","article-title":"Potential effect of COVID-19 on maternal and infant outcome: lesson from SARS","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"7 2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16362","article-title":"Maternal transmission of SARS-COV-2 to the neonate, and possible routes for such transmission: a systematic review and critical analysis","volume":"127","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18982-9","article-title":"Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"11","author":"Raschetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18933-4","article-title":"Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Fenizia","year":"12 2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref74","first-page":"1430","article-title":"Excretion of SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk","volume":"26","author":"Posteraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMI"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa089","article-title":"Placental pathology in COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"Shanes","year":"8 2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa367","article-title":"Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the first trimester placenta leading to transplacental transmission and fetal demise from an asymptomatic mother","volume":"36","author":"Shende","year":"18 2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.12.004","article-title":"Trophoblast damage with acute and chronic intervillositis: disruption of the placental barrier by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"109","author":"Debelenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00783","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq identifies cell subsets in human placenta that highly expresses factors driving pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"8","author":"Ashary","year":"19 2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref79","volume-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","author":"CDC. \u201cART Success Rates\u201d","year":"6 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2020.1759545","article-title":"Desire for parenthood at the time of COVID-19 pandemic: an insight into the Italian situation","volume":"41","author":"Micelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref81","volume-title":"ASRM Issues New Guidance on Fertility Care during COVID-19 Pandemic: Calls for Suspension of Most Treatments","year":"17 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref82","article-title":"All IVF treatment cancelled in \u2018most difficult decision\u2019 watchdog has ever made","author":"Donnelly","year":"23 2020","journal-title":"The Telegraph"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref83","volume-title":"COVID-19 May Have a Long-Term Impact on IVF Sector","author":"Goel","year":"11 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1097\/GRH.0000000000000043","article-title":"The global impact of COVID-19 on infertility services","volume":"5","author":"Ory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Reprod Health"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00605-z","article-title":"COVID-19 and assisted reproductive technology services: repercussions for patients and proposal for individualized clinical management","volume":"18","author":"Alviggi","year":"13 2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref86","article-title":"Attitudes to infertility work-up and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: survey of couples from Vietnam. [online]","author":"Vuong","year":"1 2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril Dialog"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref87","volume-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic Will Have Positive Impact On Assisted Reproductive Technology Market","author":"\u201cImpact analysis of covid-19 on assisted reproductive technology market\u201d","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref88","volume-title":"Health Secretary Welcomes Reopening of Fertility Services","author":"Department of health and Social Care","year":"5 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assisted reproduction and COVID-19: a joint statement of ASRM, ESHRE and IFFS","volume":"2020","author":"Veiga","year":"13 2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref90","author":"The ESHRE COVID-19 Working Group","year":"23 2020","journal-title":"ESHRE guidance for recommencing ART treatments"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref91","volume-title":"Patient Management and Clinical Recommendations during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic","author":"ASRM."},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.003","article-title":"COVID-19 and ART: the view of the Italian Society of Fertility and Sterility and Reproductive Medicine","volume":"40","author":"Vaiarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.07.20032524","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by detection of nucleocapsid protein","author":"Diao","year":"10 2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00292-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates","volume":"6","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref95","volume-title":"Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89.3% Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial. [online]","year":"28 2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref96","volume-title":"Sanofi and GSK initiate new Phase 2 study of their adjuvanted recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate","year":"22 2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref97","volume-title":"AZD1222 Vaccine Met Primary Efficacy Endpoint in Preventing COVID-19","author":"AstraZaneca","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1070-6","article-title":"Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters","volume":"26","author":"Tostanoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00221-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination with the replication-deficient viral vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19","volume":"5","author":"Graham","year":"27 2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Oxford COVID vaccine trial group. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"19 2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32623-4","article-title":"Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy","volume":"397","author":"Knoll","year":"9 2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref102","volume-title":"Oxford\u2019s New Covid Vaccine Begins Human Trials in Partnership with Serum Institute of India","author":"Baker","year":"8 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref103","volume-title":"AstraZeneca Vaccine Suspended by Several European Nations as Blood Clot Reports Investigated","author":"Mortensen","year":"11 2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref104","author":"Ella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bharat Biotech Announces Phase 3 Results of COVAXIN\u00ae: India's First COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates Interim Clinical Efficacy of 81%"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.008","article-title":"Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"182","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.26.426986","article-title":"Neutralization of UK-variant VUI-202012\/01 with COVAXIN vaccinated human serum","author":"Sapkal","year":"26 2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref107","volume-title":"Moderna\u2019s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Meets Its Primary Efficacy Endpoint in the First Interim Analysis of the Phase 3 COVE Study","author":"Moderna","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref108","volume-title":"Moderna Announces Longer Shelf Life for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate at Refrigerated Temperatures","author":"Moderna"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref109","volume-title":"Pfizer and BioNTech Conclude Phase 3 Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, Meeting All Primary Efficacy Endpoints | BioNTech. BIONTECH","author":"BIONTECH"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref110","volume-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Update. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"27 2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref111","volume-title":"ACOG","author":"ACOG. American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists\u2019 Immunization, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Preparedness Expert Work Group","year":"28 2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref112","article-title":"Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine","volume-title":"Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination in Lactation","year":"14 2020"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref113","volume-title":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of SARS CoV-2 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b2) against COVID-19 in Healthy Pregnant Women 18 Years of Age and Older. Identifier NCT04754594","author":"BioNTech SE. ClinicalTrials.gov","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.027","article-title":"Compromised SARS-CoV-2-specific placental antibody transfer","volume":"184","author":"Atyeo","year":"4 2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260718","article-title":"An IgG-transporting Fc receptor expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta","volume":"26","author":"Simister","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3317","article-title":"Isolation from human placenta of the IgG transporter, FcRn, and localization to the syncytiotrophoblast: implications for maternal-fetal antibody transport","volume":"157","author":"Leach","year":"15 1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1700057","article-title":"The impact of IgG transplacental transfer on early life immunity","volume":"2","author":"Fouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.046","article-title":"Fc characteristics mediate selective placental transfer of IgG in HIV-infected women","volume":"178","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005456","article-title":"Antigen-specific antibody glycosylation is regulated via vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Mahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02618-y","article-title":"Newborn antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detected in cord blood after maternal vaccination \u2013 a case report","volume":"21","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz236","article-title":"Embryotoxic impact of Zika virus in a rhesus macaque in vitro implantation model","volume":"102","author":"Block","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12063-2","article-title":"Pre- and periimplantation Zika virus infection impairs fetal development by targeting trophectoderm cells","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.11.004","article-title":"Chromosome 19 microRNAs exert antiviral activity independent from type III interferon signaling","volume":"61","author":"Bayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200162","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200162","article-title":"Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 suggests susceptibility of the human embryo in the first trimester","volume":"10","author":"Weatherbee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01952-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 host receptors ACE2 and CD147 (BSG) are present on human oocytes and blastocysts","volume":"37","author":"Essahib","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.12.005","article-title":"Profiling the gene signature of endometrial receptivity: clinical results","volume":"99","author":"Garrido-G\u00f3mez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-020-00043-2","article-title":"IVF laboratory COVID-19 pandemic response plan: a roadmap","volume":"25","author":"Choucair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01841-3","article-title":"A recommendation for IVF lab practice in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Arav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.05.006","article-title":"Managing the IVF laboratory during a pandemic: international perspectives from laboratory managers","volume":"41","author":"Hickman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa074","article-title":"COVID-19: the perspective of Italian embryologists managing the IVF laboratory in pandemic emergency","volume":"35","author":"De Santis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3227","article-title":"Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient","volume":"323","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref133","article-title":"Pragmatic coping with COVID-19 pandemic for running an in vitro fertilization laboratory: Egyptian perspective. [online]","author":"Fawzy","year":"29 2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril Dialog"},{"key":"2021101306344413600_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.1999.2227","article-title":"Viral contamination of embryos cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen","volume":"40","author":"Bielanski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cryobiology"}],"container-title":["Biology of Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioab122\/38872622\/ioab122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/105\/4\/808\/40545548\/ioab122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/105\/4\/808\/40545548\/ioab122.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T06:45:46Z","timestamp":1699166746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article\/105\/4\/808\/6307740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioab122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3363","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}