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PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T16:18:26Z","timestamp":1662826706000},"page":"1395-1410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Amanda O","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coleman H","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaihla A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genus PLC , DeForest, WI 53532 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley B","family":"DeVore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH 45267 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"},{"name":"Colorado State University , Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerrit J","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"},{"name":"Colorado State University , Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy M","family":"Navratil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D","family":"Cherrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather M","family":"Rothfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091307460151600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/1941149a0","article-title":"Occurrence of citrulline in proteins","volume":"194","author":"Rogers","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023091307460151600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(77)90250-1","article-title":"The origin of 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