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The levels of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) are upregulated in human follicular fluid and granulosa-lutein cells (hGL) of OHSS patients and could contribute to the development of OHSS by downregulating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression. However, whether the same is true for the other two members of the TGF-\u03b2 family, TGF-\u03b22 and -\u03b23, remains unknown. We showed that all three TGF-\u03b2 isoforms were expressed in human follicular fluid. In comparison, TGF-\u03b21 was expressed at the highest level, followed by TGF-\u03b22 and TGF-\u03b23. Compared to non-OHSS patients, follicular fluid levels of TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b23 were significantly upregulated in OHSS patients. The same results were observed in mRNA levels of TGF-\u03b2 isoforms in hGL cells and ovaries of OHSS rats. In addition, StAR mRNA levels were upregulated in hGL cells of OHSS patients and the ovaries of OHSS rats. Treatment cells with TGF-\u03b2 isoforms downregulated the StAR expression with a comparable effect. Moreover, activations of SMAD3 signaling were required for TGF-\u03b2 isoforms-induced downregulation of StAR expression. This study indicates that follicular fluid TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b23 levels could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the OHSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T21:17:17Z","timestamp":1696627037000},"page":"116-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b23, but not TGF-\u03b22, are upregulated in the ovaries of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Boqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine , Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, , Zhengzhou , China"},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, , Zhengzhou , 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