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Its etiology remains unknown, and there are no established effective identification or prevention strategies. A low-oxygen environment in early pregnancy is a physiological necessity for embryonic and placental growth. Hypoxia-inducible factors are a family of classic hypoxia signaling molecules whose expression level may fluctuate abnormally because of an imbalance in oxygen levels. Its unusual fluctuations initiate multiple signaling pathways at the maternal womb. Hypoxia-inducible factors are a family of classic hypoxia-signaling molecules and immune tolerance. Notably, aberrant regulation of these processes may lead to miscarriage. This review aims to clarify how the hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 mediates the aberrant regulation of biological processes, including autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, et\u00a0al., and how these effects impact trophoblasts and other cells at the maternal-fetal interface. These findings provide new insights into potential therapeutic and preventive strategies for miscarriage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioae139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T19:10:33Z","timestamp":1727377833000},"page":"987-999","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in early pregnancy: implications for miscarriage"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health , School of Public Health, , Shijiazhuang,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hebei Medical University , School of Public Health, , 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