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Macrophages, the most numerous endometrial immune cells in cows during early pregnancy, are critical in developing maternal-fetal immune tolerance. However, the mechanism of their action on the maternal-fetal interface of dairy cows remains unknown. MicroRNAs have important roles in immune tolerance and macrophage polarization, but the underlying mechanisms still need further investigation. In previous laboratory studies, RNA-sequencing revealed that bta-miR-93 was dramatically reduced in bovine endometrial luminal epithelial cells (bEECs) upon IFN-tau stimulation. In the current study, it is revealed that the expression of bta-miR-93 was decreased substantially in the endometrium of pregnant cows and negatively correlated with that of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1). In vitro experiments displayed that suppression of bta-miR-93 promoted M2 polarization via promoting PD-L1\/PD-1\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in bEECs and bovine macrophage co-culture model, and vice versa. The 3\u2032-untranslated region of PD-L1 is directly regulated by bta-miR-93. Furthermore, our in vivo studies revealed that overexpression of bta-miR-93 efficiently leads to embryo resorption and suppression of M2 polarization in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T14:02:01Z","timestamp":1741874521000},"page":"880-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bta-miR-93 regulates the maternal-fetal tolerance in dairy cows via promoting Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 mediated M2 macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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