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In this study, we generated ZZ female Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis through 17\u03b2-estradiol treatment and investigated their reproductive traits and sex-specific gene expression at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12\u00a0months post-hatching. Our results showed that by 12\u00a0months, ZZ females maintained ovarian structures and exhibited low expression levels of the male-specific genes SOX9 and DMRT1. However, at 8\u00a0months, the gonadosomatic index of ZZ female becomes significantly lower than that of ZW females, and yellow follicles were absent. Furthermore, the expression of female granulosa and theca cell markers FOXL2 and CYP19A1 in ZZ females was significantly lower than in ZW females. Our findings indicate that while sex-reversed ZZ female turtles retain female gonadal phenotypes, they experience delayed ovarian development at 8\u00a0months. The findings directly inform all-male aquaculture strategies by clarifying estrogen\u2019s long-term effects on gonadal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T20:02:37Z","timestamp":1751054557000},"page":"811-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Delayed gonadal development of estrogen-induced ZZ females in Chinese soft-shelled turtles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"An","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University , No. 999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai 201306 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiequn","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University , No. 999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai 201306 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinni","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chutian","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University , No. 8, Qianhu South Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo 315100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101516123695500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734525","article-title":"Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens","volume":"255","author":"Elbrecht","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025101516123695500_ref2","first-page":"S87","article-title":"Effects and role of estrogens in avian gonadal differentiation","volume":"23 Suppl","author":"Scheib","year":"1983","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"2025101516123695500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.120","article-title":"Estradiol-17beta content in developing 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