{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:52:54Z","timestamp":1776232374452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 HL70562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL70562"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 HD105699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD105699"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Foundation of Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","award":["RDJP2023-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDJP2023-07"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation in China","award":["82401969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401969"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation in China","award":["82201866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201866"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation in China","award":["82495190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82495190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human uterine spiral artery remodeling (SAR) is a tightly regulated process involving complex interactions between interstitial and endovascular extravillous trophoblasts (iEVTs and enEVTs) and diverse maternal decidual cell populations. However, the intrinsic spatiotemporal dynamics of SAR in human placentation remain poorly understood, largely due to the limited availability of high-quality maternal-fetal interface specimens. Electively terminated early pregnancies offer a valuable resource for studying SAR in situ, yet inconsistent methods for distinguishing fragmented villous and decidual tissues have hindered reproducibility and interpretation. Herein we present a standardized protocol for the classification and characterization of high-quality maternal-fetal interface specimens from elective terminations by integrating stereomicroscopic evaluation with confirmation by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Combined with multiplex immunofluorescence imaging with cell-type-specific markers, this approach enabled precise spatial mapping and quantification of key morphological and cellular events in SAR from gestational weeks 5\u201310. Our analyses reveal that SAR initiates as early as week 5 with extraluminal recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells, followed by the formation of tightly packed EVT plugs within the lumens of spiral arteries in the decidua compacta; these plugs progressively extend deeper into the vessels and gradually loosen as gestation progresses. Notably, enEVTs appear to acquire NK cell-like phenotypes that may facilitate the displacement of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, promoting progressive vessel dilation. In summary, we provide a robust and reproducible method for assessing physiological SAR in early human pregnancy, promoting the adoption of our methodology in future studies of pathological SAR and related pregnancy disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaf279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T12:38:25Z","timestamp":1765802305000},"page":"1445-1457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic spiral artery remodeling in early human pregnancy: an analysis of specimens collected with a standardized protocol"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenglong","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing 100044 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Zhejiang 312000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linjing","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0386-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-bao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041501020321700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0169-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of early placental development in mouse and humans","volume":"21","author":"Hemberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026041501020321700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy030","article-title":"Placental formation in early pregnancy: how is the Centre of the placenta made?","volume":"24","author":"Boss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod 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