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Among these, dynamic protein palmitoylation emerges as a central coordinator of membrane-associated events, critically governing acrosome formation, tail assembly, blood-testis barrier integrity, and epididymal maturation. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how palmitoylation, catalyzed by zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys enzymes and reversed by thioesterases, regulates protein localization, stability, and interactions to ensure normal sperm production and function. Disruption of this modification is linked to sperm defects and male infertility. We further highlight the unique expansion of the testicular palmitoylome and explore its potential as a target for novel diagnostic biomarkers and reversible male contraceptives. Unresolved questions regarding enzyme-specific functions, crosstalk with other modifications, and roles in meiosis are discussed to guide future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioag074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:19:30Z","timestamp":1775474370000},"page":"31-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein palmitoylation in spermatogenesis and sperm function: emerging roles and regulatory mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8689-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqian","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Hereditary Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care Affiliated to Hunan Normal University , Changsha ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonghua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan 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