{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:56:50Z","timestamp":1789829810365,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15 NIH HD068971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15 NIH HD068971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH HD086839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH HD086839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved protein kinase regulating key cellular functions. Its two isoforms, GSK3\u03b1 and GSK3\u03b2, are encoded by distinct genes. In most tissues the two isoforms are functionally interchangeable, except in the developing embryo where GSK3\u03b2 is essential. One functional allele of either of the two isoforms is sufficient to maintain normal tissue functions. Both GSK3 isoforms, present in sperm from several species including human, are suggested to play a role in epididymal initiation of sperm motility. Using genetic approaches, we have tested requirement for each of the two GSK3 isoforms in testis and sperm. Both GSK3 isoforms are expressed at high levels during the onset of spermatogenesis. Conditional knockout of GSK3\u03b1, but not GSK3\u03b2, in developing testicular germ cells in mice results in male infertility. Mice lacking one allele each of GSK3\u03b1 and GSK3\u03b2 are fertile. Despite overlapping expression and localization in differentiating spermatids, GSK3\u03b2 does not substitute for GSK3\u03b1. Loss of GSK3\u03b1 impairs sperm hexokinase activity resulting in low ATP levels. Net adenine nucleotide levels in caudal sperm lacking GSK3\u03b1 resemble immature caput epididymal sperm. Changes in the association of the protein phosphatase PP1\u03b32 with its protein interactors occurring during epididymal sperm maturation is impaired in sperm lacking GSK3\u03b1. The isoform-specific requirement for GSK3\u03b1 is likely due to its specific binding partners in the sperm principal piece. Testis and sperm are unique in their specific requirement of GSK3\u03b1 for normal function and male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T13:27:07Z","timestamp":1517232427000},"page":"384-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Isoform-specific requirement for GSK3\u03b1 in sperm for male fertility\u2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suranjana","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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