{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:39:37Z","timestamp":1782823177187,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sensitivity analysis in an observational study tests whether the qualitative conclusions of an analysis would change if we were to allow for the possibility of limited bias due to confounding. The design sensitivity of a hypothesis test quantifies the asymptotic performance of the test in a sensitivity analysis against a particular alternative. We propose a new, nonasymptotic, distribution-free test, the uniform general signed rank test, for observational studies with paired data, and examine its performance under Rosenbaum\u2019s sensitivity analysis model. Our test can be viewed as adaptively choosing from among a large underlying family of signed rank tests, and we show that the uniform test achieves design sensitivity equal to the maximum design sensitivity over the underlying family of signed rank tests. Our test thus achieves superior design sensitivity, indicating it will perform well in sensitivity analyses on large samples. We support this conclusion with simulations and a data example, showing that the advantages of our test extend to moderate sample sizes as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1599649842000},"page":"381-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The uniform general signed rank test and its design sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"S R","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Voleon Group, 2150 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S D","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051519490532600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199535255.001.0001","volume-title":"Concentration Inequalities: A Nonasymptotic Theory of Independence","author":"Boucheron,","year":"2013","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2021051519490532600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729330","article-title":"A measure of asymptotic efficiency for tests of a hypothesis based on the sum of observations","volume":"23","author":"Chernoff,","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. 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