{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:14:55Z","timestamp":1787008495712,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Matching is one of the most widely used study designs for adjusting for measured confounders in observational studies. However, unmeasured confounding may exist and cannot be removed by matching. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis is typically needed to assess a causal conclusion\u2019s sensitivity to unmeasured confounding. Sensitivity analysis frameworks for binary exposures have been well established for various matching designs and are commonly used in various studies. However, unlike the binary exposure case, there still lacks valid and general sensitivity analysis methods for continuous exposures, except in some special cases such as pair matching. To fill this gap in the binary outcome case, we develop a sensitivity analysis framework for general matching designs with continuous exposures and binary outcomes. First, we use probabilistic lattice theory to show that our sensitivity analysis approach is finite population exact under Fisher\u2019s sharp null. Second, we prove a novel design sensitivity formula as a powerful tool for asymptotically evaluating the performance of our sensitivity analysis approach. Third, to allow effect heterogeneity with binary outcomes, we introduce a framework for conducting asymptotically exact inference and sensitivity analysis on generalized attributable effects with binary outcomes via mixed-integer programming. Fourth, for the continuous outcome case, we show that conducting an asymptotically exact sensitivity analysis in matched observational studies when both the exposures and outcomes are continuous is generally NP-hard, except in some special cases such as pair matching. As a real data application, we apply our new methods to study the effect of early-life lead exposure on juvenile delinquency. An implementation of the methods in this work is available in the R package doseSens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asae021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T18:58:53Z","timestamp":1712948333000},"page":"1349-1368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sensitivity analysis for matched observational studies with continuous exposures and binary outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania , 265 South 37th Street , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan S","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania , 265 South 37th Street , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, New York University , 708 Broadway , New York, New York 10003,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112207520148400_asae021-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2010.ap09490","article-title":"Building a stronger instrument in an observational study of perinatal care for premature infants","volume":"105","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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