{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1791084282794,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Statisticians and epidemiologists generally cite the publications of Prentice &amp; Breslow (1978) and Breslow et\u00a0al. (1978) as the first description and use of conditional logistic regression, while economists cite the book chapter by Nobel laureate McFadden (McFadden, 1973). We describe the until-now-unrecognized use of, and way of fitting, this model in 1934 by Lionel Penrose and Ronald Fisher.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asae038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T04:22:37Z","timestamp":1723177357000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Studies in the history of probability and statistics, LI: the first conditional logistic regression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J A","family":"Hanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , 2001 McGill College Avenue , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec H3A 1G1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/2529620","article-title":"Covariance analysis of censored survival data","volume":"30","author":"Breslow","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0420.00001","article-title":"Are statistical contributions to medicine undervalued?","volume":"59","author":"Breslow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112623","article-title":"Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies","volume":"108","author":"Breslow","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life tables (with discussion)","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. B"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37001","article-title":"Estimates of the live births, natural losses, and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States","volume":"167","author":"de Graaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1977.10480613","article-title":"The efficiency of Cox\u2019s likelihood function for censored data","volume":"72","author":"Efron","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Assoc"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/68.3.703","article-title":"Likelihood calculations for matched case-control studies and survival studies with tied death times","volume":"68","author":"Gail","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbm.1973.0019","article-title":"Lionel Sharples Penrose. 1898-1972","volume":"19","author":"Harris","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032985","volume-title":"The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data","author":"Kalbfleisch","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139094757","volume-title":"Case-Control Studies","author":"Keogh","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/2345280","article-title":"Methods of cohort analysis: appraisal by application to asbestos mining","volume":"140","author":"Liddell","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. A"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B12","author":"Lumley","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B13","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Frontiers in Econometrics","author":"McFadden","year":"1973"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2007.00518.x","article-title":"Applying discrete choice models to predict Academy Award winners","volume":"171","author":"Pardoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. A"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984413","article-title":"The relative effects of paternal and maternal age in mongolism","volume":"27","author":"Penrose","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Genet"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B16","first-page":"431","article-title":"The relative aetiological importance of birth order and maternal age in mongolism","volume":"115","author":"Penrose","year":"1934","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1934.tb02111.x","article-title":"A method of separating the relative aetological effects of birth order and maternal age, with specific reference to mongolian imbecility","volume":"6","author":"Penrose","year":"1934","journal-title":"Ann. Eugen"},{"key":"2025041508572221100_asae038-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Discussion of regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Peto","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. 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