{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:11:14Z","timestamp":1774527074030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We consider the problem of indirect comparison, where a treatment arm of interest is absent by design in one randomized controlled trial, but available in the other. The former is the target trial, and the latter is the source trial. The identifiability of the target population average treatment effect often relies on conditional transportability assumptions. However, it is a common concern whether all relevant effect modifiers are measured and controlled for. We give a new proximal identification result in the presence of shifted, unobserved effect modifiers based on proxies: an adjustment proxy in both trials and an additional reweighting proxy in the source trial. We propose an estimator that is doubly robust against misspecifications of the so-called bridge functions and asymptotically normal under mild consistency of estimators for the bridge functions. We use two weight management trials as a context to illustrate selection of proxies and apply our method to compare the weight loss effect of active treatments from these trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaf044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T07:48:23Z","timestamp":1749800903000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proximal indirect comparison"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Zehao","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5 , DK-1353 Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene C","family":"Rytgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5 , DK-1353 Copenhagen, , hely@sund.ku.dk","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ravn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , Vandt\u00e5rnsvej 108 , DK-2860 S\u00f8borg, \u00a0 hnrv@novonordisk.com","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5 , DK-1353 Copenhagen, \u00a0 eriksson@sund.ku.dk","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032607085865300_asaf044-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models","volume":"61","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026032607085865300_asaf044-B2","first-page":"2265","author":"Bennett","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026032607085865300_asaf044-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8963","article-title":"Fusion designs and estimators for treatment effects","volume":"40","author":"Breskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Statist. 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