{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1777634679182,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"U.S. Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It has been proposed in medical decision analysis to express the \u2018first, do no harm\u2019 principle as an asymmetric utility function in which the loss from killing a patient would count more than the gain from saving a life. Such a utility depends on unrealized potential outcomes, and we show how this yields a paradoxical decision recommendation in a simple hypothetical example involving games of Russian roulette. The problem is resolved if we abandon the stable unit treatment value assumption and allow the potential outcomes to be random variables. This leads us to conclude that, if you are interested in this sort of asymmetric utility function, you need to move to the stochastic potential outcome framework. We discuss the implications of the choice of parameterization in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaf062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1754049755000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Russian roulette: the need for stochastic potential outcomes when utilities depend on counterfactuals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Statistics and Political Science, Columbia University , 1255 Amsterdam Avenue , New York, New York 10027,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas M","family":"Mikhaeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Columbia University , 1255 Amsterdam Avenue , New York, New York 10027,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032607093988700_asaf062-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.30.5.961","article-title":"Regret in decision making under uncertainty","volume":"30","author":"Bell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oper. 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