{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:48:57Z","timestamp":1776088137700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":305,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Core research grant","award":["CRG\/2019\/005347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2019\/005347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 infections have imposed immense pressure on the healthcare system of most countries. While the initial studies have identified better therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, the disease severity is still assessed by close monitoring of symptoms by healthcare professionals due to the lack of biomarkers for disease stratification. In this study, we have probed the immune and molecular profiles of COVID-19 patients at 48-h intervals after hospitalization to identify early markers, if any, of disease progression and severity. Our study reveals that the molecular profiles of patients likely to enter the host-immune response-mediated moderate or severe disease progression are distinct even in the early phase of infection when severe symptoms are not yet apparent. Our data from 37 patients suggest that at hospitalization, interleukins (IL6) (&amp;gt;300\u00a0pg\/ml) and IL8 levels (&amp;gt;200\u00a0pg\/ml) identify cytokine-dependent disease progression. Monitoring their levels will facilitate timely intervention using available immunomodulators or precision medicines in those likely to progress due to cytokine storm and help improve outcomes. Additionally, it will also help identify cytokine-independent progressive patients, not likely to benefit from immunomodulators or precision drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biomethods\/bpac028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T09:53:58Z","timestamp":1667296438000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular markers for early stratification of disease severity and progression in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anusha","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John\u2019s Research Institute , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savitha Anne","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, SJNAHS , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sree Raksha","family":"Krishnaiyer NarayanaSwamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, SJNAHS , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KalyanKumar","family":"Raksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore Life Science Cluster , Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanumanthappa","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore Life Science Cluster , Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhuvana","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, SJNAHS , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, SJNAHS , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyothi","family":"Idiculla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, SJNAHS , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John\u2019s Research Institute , Bangalore, Karnataka 560034, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008762","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: insights into structure, function, and hACE2 receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"16","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6","article-title":"A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"87","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00127-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","article-title":"Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. Gallagher T, editor","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6984","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00442-08","article-title":"Structural analysis of major species barriers between humans and palm civets for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205016","article-title":"Elevated interleukin-6 during ethanol consumption acts as a potential endogenous protective cytokine against ethanol-induced apoptosis in the liver: involvement of induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2022120815131368500_bpac028-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495156","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/495156","article-title":"The effect of 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