{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:29:36Z","timestamp":1779114576420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2019C3-17875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2019C3-17875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2021C2-22365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2021C2-22365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM013616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM013616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI042853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI042853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI167694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI167694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI134359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI134359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"NLM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"PCORI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PCORI\u2019s Board of Governors"},{"name":"PCORI\u2019s Methodology Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The rich longitudinal individual level data available from electronic health records (EHRs) can be used to examine treatment effect heterogeneity. However, estimating treatment effects using EHR data poses several challenges, including time-varying confounding, repeated and temporally non-aligned measurements of covariates, treatment assignments and outcomes, and loss-to-follow-up due to dropout. Here, we develop the subgroup discovery for longitudinal data algorithm, a tree-based algorithm for discovering subgroups with heterogeneous treatment effects using longitudinal data by combining the generalized interaction tree algorithm, a general data-driven method for subgroup discovery, with longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation. We apply the algorithm to EHR data to discover subgroups of people living with human immunodeficiency virus who are at higher risk of weight gain when receiving dolutegravir (DTG)-containing antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) versus when receiving non-DTG-containing ARTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxad014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T07:11:45Z","timestamp":1689923505000},"page":"323-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tree-based subgroup discovery using electronic health record data: heterogeneity of treatment effects for DTG-containing therapies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann W","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, School of Science and Aerospace Studies, Moi University , Eldoret 30100, Kenya"},{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) , Eldoret 30100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2215-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa J","family":"Dahabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monicah","family":"Nyambura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) , Eldoret 30100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Delong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph W","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon A","family":"Steingrimsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041508012135400_kxad014-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12294","article-title":"Short-term weight gain after antiretroviral therapy initiation and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the d: A: D study","volume":"17","author":"Achhra","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Medicine"},{"key":"2024041508012135400_kxad014-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510489113","article-title":"Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous causal effects","volume":"113","author":"Athey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2024041508012135400_kxad014-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models","volume":"61","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2024041508012135400_kxad014-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25484","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25484","article-title":"Weight gain among treatment-na\u00efve persons with HIV starting integrase inhibitors compared to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors in a large observational cohort in the United States and Canada","volume":"23","author":"Bourgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS 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