{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:44:17Z","timestamp":1794062657777,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL166324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL166324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL158963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL158963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM112237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM112237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mediation analysis with contemporaneously observed multiple mediators is a significant area of causal inference. Recent approaches for multiple mediators are often based on parametric models and thus may suffer from model misspecification. Also, much of the existing literature either only allow estimation of the joint mediation effect or estimate the joint mediation effect just as the sum of individual mediator effects, ignoring the interaction among the mediators. In this article, we propose a novel Bayesian nonparametric method that overcomes the two aforementioned drawbacks. We model the joint distribution of the observed data (outcome, mediators, treatment, and confounders) flexibly using an enriched Dirichlet process mixture with three levels. We use standardization (g-computation) to compute all possible mediation effects, including pairwise and all other possible interaction among the mediators. We thoroughly explore our method via simulations and apply our method to a mental health data from Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, where we estimate how the effect of births from unintended pregnancies on later life mental depression (CES-D) among the mothers is mediated through lack of self-acceptance and autonomy, employment instability, lack of social participation, and increased family stress. Our method identified significant individual mediators, along with some significant pairwise effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxad038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:33:32Z","timestamp":1707467612000},"page":"919-932","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Bayesian nonparametric approach for multiple mediators with applications in mental health studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0436-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samrat","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Operations and Decision Sciences, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad , Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Florida , Gainesville, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0505-4","article-title":"Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: a causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PKSC)","volume":"15","author":"Bahk","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childb"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1223-x","article-title":"Unplanned pregnancy and subsequent psychological distress in partnered women: a cross-sectional study of the role of relationship quality and wider social support","volume":"17","author":"Barton","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childb"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxx027","article-title":"High-dimensional multivariate mediation with application to neuroimaging data","volume":"19","author":"Ch\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12248","article-title":"Causal mediation analysis with multiple mediators","volume":"71","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2012.01781.x","article-title":"Bayesian inference for the causal effect of mediation","volume":"68","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13053","article-title":"High dimensional mediation analysis with latent variables","volume":"75","author":"Derkach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"487","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.tm08439","article-title":"Nonparametric Bayes modeling of multivariate categorical data","volume":"104","author":"Dunson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys194","article-title":"Cohort profile: Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS)","volume":"43","author":"Herd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302973","article-title":"The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life","volume":"106","author":"Herd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS321","article-title":"Identification, inference and sensitivity analysis for causal mediation effects","volume":"25","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mps040","article-title":"Identification and sensitivity analysis for multiple causal mechanisms: revisiting evidence from framing experiments","volume":"21","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B12","first-page":"102","author":"John","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOAS1260","article-title":"Bayesian methods for multiple mediators: relating principal stratification and causal mediation in the analysis of power plant emission controls","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Appl Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0265:LCIOPA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability","volume":"106","author":"Mailick Seltzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Mental Retard"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2000.10474879","article-title":"Markov chain sampling methods for Dirichlet process mixture models","volume":"9","author":"Neal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"issue":"9-12","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6","article-title":"A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with a sustained exposure period\u2013application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect","volume":"7","author":"Robins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Math Model"},{"key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B17","first-page":"599","article-title":"Estimation of the causal effects of time-varying exposures","volume":"553","author":"Robins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Longitud Data Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12875","article-title":"Bayesian nonparametric generative models for causal inference with missing at random covariates","volume":"74","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1214\/18-AOAS1210","article-title":"Compositional mediation analysis for microbiome studies","volume":"13","author":"Sohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Appl Stat"},{"issue":"27","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9168","article-title":"Bayesian hierarchical models for high-dimensional mediation analysis with coordinated selection of correlated mediators","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13189","article-title":"Bayesian shrinkage estimation of high dimensional causal mediation effects in omics studies","volume":"76","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.07.004","article-title":"An assessment of the construct validity of Ryff\u2019s scales of psychological well-being: method, mode, and measurement effects","volume":"35","author":"Springer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2012-0010","article-title":"Mediation analysis with multiple mediators","volume":"2","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B24","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Improving prediction from Dirichlet process mixtures via enrichment","volume":"15","author":"Wade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1214\/ba\/1339616468","article-title":"An enriched conjugate prior for Bayesian nonparametric inference","volume":"6","author":"Wade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5830","article-title":"Estimation of causal mediation effects for a dichotomous outcome in multiple-mediator models using the mediation formula","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8020","article-title":"A Bayesian regularized mediation analysis with multiple exposures","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002036","article-title":"Distinct brain systems mediate the effects of nociceptive input and self-regulation on pain","volume":"13","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"6052","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8808","article-title":"Mediation effect selection in high-dimensional and compositional microbiome data","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2024082418104039700_kxad038-B31","author":"Zhao","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Biostatistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biostatistics\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/919\/58914273\/kxad038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biostatistics\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/919\/58914273\/kxad038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T18:11:52Z","timestamp":1724523112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biostatistics\/article\/25\/3\/919\/7604036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxad038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-4644","1468-4357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-4644","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]}}}