{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1777113645761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of radiation therapy for cancer is to deliver prescribed radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to the surrounding healthy tissues. To evaluate treatment plans, the dose distribution to healthy organs is commonly summarized as dose-volume histograms (DVHs). Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling has centered around making patient-level risk predictions with features extracted from the DVHs, but few have considered adapting a causal framework to evaluate the safety of alternative treatment plans. We propose causal estimands for NTCP based on deterministic and stochastic interventions, as well as propose estimators based on marginal structural models that impose bivariable monotonicity between dose, volume, and toxicity risk. The properties of these estimators are studied through simulations, and their use is illustrated in the context of radiotherapy treatment of anal canal cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxae019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T18:26:04Z","timestamp":1717698364000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A marginal structural model for normal tissue complication probability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thai-Son","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , 610 University Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hosni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , 610 University Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto , 149 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , 610 University Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto , 149 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Saarela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026031108101937100_kxae019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.07.008","article-title":"Functional data analysis in NTCP modeling: a new method to explore the radiation dose-volume effects","volume":"90","author":"Benadjaoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys."},{"key":"2026031108101937100_kxae019-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85516-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of radiation oncology","author":"Brady","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026031108101937100_kxae019-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08440-0","article-title":"Is more better? 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