{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:09:23Z","timestamp":1787670563731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundations"},{"name":"Heisenberg Programm","award":["465412241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465412241"]}]},{"name":"Heisenberg Programm","award":["465412441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465412441"]}]},{"name":"European Developing Countries Clinical","award":["IP.2007.33011.006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP.2007.33011.006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00004\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00004\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Sanidady Consumo Spain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Missing data in multiple variables is a common issue. We investigate the applicability of the framework of graphical models for handling missing data to a complex longitudinal pharmacological study of children with HIV treated with an efavirenz-based regimen as part of the CHAPAS-3 trial. Specifically, we examine whether the causal effects of interest, defined through static interventions on multiple continuous variables, can be recovered (estimated consistently) from the available data only. So far, no general algorithms are available to decide on recoverability, and decisions have to be made on a case-by-case basis. We emphasize the sensitivity of recoverability to even the smallest changes in the graph structure, and present recoverability results for three plausible missingness-directed acyclic graphs (m-DAGs) in the CHAPAS-3 study, informed by clinical knowledge. Furthermore, we propose the concept of a \u201cclosed missingness mechanism\u201d: if missing data are generated based on this mechanism, an available case analysis is admissible for consistent estimation of any statistical or causal estimand, even if data are missing not at random. Both simulations and theoretical considerations demonstrate how, in the assumed MNAR setting of our study, a complete or available case analysis can be superior to multiple imputation, and estimation results vary depending on the assumed missingness DAG. Our analyses demonstrate an innovative application of missingness DAGs to complex longitudinal real-world data, while highlighting the sensitivity of the results with respect to the assumed causal model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxae044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T07:15:15Z","timestamp":1729494915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Recoverability of causal effects under presence of missing data: a longitudinal case study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5687-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Holovchak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seminar f\u00fcr Statistik, ETH Z\u00fcrich , R\u00e4mistrasse 101 , 8092 Z\u00fcrich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"McIlleron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , 7935 Observatory, Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Denti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , 7935 Observatory, Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8475-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schomaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Ludwigstra\u00dfe 33 , 80539 M\u00fcnchen,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town , Anzio Road , 7925 Observatory, Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051304462267400_kxae044-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1582-8","article-title":"Improved adherence to antiretroviral therapy observed among HIV-infected children whose caregivers had positive beliefs in medicine in Sub-Saharan 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