{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:19:52Z","timestamp":1793236792590,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2021C2-23636-IC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2021C2-23636-IC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We demonstrate a comprehensive semiparametric approach to causal mediation analysis, addressing the complexities inherent in settings with longitudinal and continuous treatments, confounders, and mediators. Our methodology utilizes a nonparametric structural equation model and a cross-fitted sequential regression technique based on doubly robust pseudo-outcomes, yielding an efficient, asymptotically normal estimator without relying on restrictive parametric modeling assumptions. We are motivated by a recent scientific controversy regarding the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation on the survival of COVID-19 patients, considering acute kidney injury as a mediating factor. We highlight the possibility of \u201cinconsistent mediation,\u201d in which the direct and indirect effects of the exposure operate in opposite directions. We discuss the significance of mediation analysis for scientific understanding and its potential utility in treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxaf031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T05:01:36Z","timestamp":1762664496000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identification and estimation of mediational effects of longitudinal modified treatment policies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , 180 Madison Avenue , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington , 3980 15th Avenue NE, Box 351617 , Seattle, WA 98195,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , 722 West 168th Street , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , 722 West 168th Street , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Schenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital\/Weill Cornell Medical Center , 525 East 68th Street , New York, NY 10065,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , 180 Madison Avenue , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031108184375700_kxaf031-B1","first-page":"357","author":"Avin","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026031108184375700_kxaf031-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models","volume":"61","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026031108184375700_kxaf031-B3","first-page":"e0415","article-title":"Timing of intubation in coronavirus disease 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