{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:29:29Z","timestamp":1789986569815,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2317,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,4]],"date-time":"2011-06-04T20:13:43Z","timestamp":1307218423000},"page":"229-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: the effect of different volumes of local anaesthetics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Marhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.C.","family":"Kettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Willschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-M.","family":"Machata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Al-Zoraigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lundblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.-A.","family":"L\u00f6nnqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198902000-00002","article-title":"Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery: success rate and adverse effects in 750 consecutive patients","volume":"68","author":"Dalens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199611000-00003","article-title":"Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in children: a one-year prospective survey of the French-Language Society of Pediatric Anesthesiologists","volume":"83","author":"Giaufre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib3","first-page":"385","article-title":"Generating a learning curve for pediatric caudal epidural blocks: an empirical evaluation of technical skills in novice and experienced anesthetists","volume":"25","author":"Schuepfer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01550.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine for continuous epidural infusion in neonates and infants","volume":"15","author":"Bosenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2001.451017.x","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine following a single-shot caudal block of 1, 2 or 3 mg\/kg in children","volume":"45","author":"Bosenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2000.00454.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine following caudal analgesia in children","volume":"10","author":"Habre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-002-0446-y","article-title":"The choice of drugs for caudal anaesthesia in children. An overview","volume":"52","author":"Marhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8601400207","article-title":"The spread of caudal analgesia in children: a mathematical model","volume":"14","author":"Busoni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/49.10.1027","article-title":"Spread of extradural analgesia following caudal injection in children. A statistical study","volume":"49","author":"Schulte-Steinberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197712000-00015","article-title":"Dosage of lidocaine for caudal anesthesia in infants and children","volume":"47","author":"Takasaki","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02224.x","article-title":"Spread of ropivacaine by a weight-based formula in a pediatric caudal block: a fluoroscopic examination","volume":"54","author":"Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03422.x","article-title":"The effect of volume of local anesthetic on the anatomic spread of caudal block in children aged 1\u20137 years","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01521.x","article-title":"Pilot study of neuraxial imaging by ultrasound in infants and children","volume":"15","author":"Marhofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02020.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic guidance in pediatric regional anesthesia. Part 1: Theoretical background","volume":"16","author":"Marhofer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Epidural catheter placement in neonates: sonoanatomy and feasibility of ultrasonographic guidance in term and preterm neonates","volume":"32","author":"Willschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael121","article-title":"Epidural catheter placement in children: comparing a novel approach using ultrasound guidance and a standard loss-of-resistance technique","volume":"97","author":"Willschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq082","article-title":"Caudal anaesthesia under sedation: a prospective analysis of 512 infants and children","volume":"104","author":"Brenner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200205000-00021","article-title":"Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S(+)-ketamine in children","volume":"94","author":"Hager","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199905000-00018","article-title":"The dose-response of caudal ropivacaine in children","volume":"90","author":"Koinig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013436","article-title":"S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia","volume":"84","author":"Marhofer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1984.tb02011.x","article-title":"Caudal anaesthesia for upper abdominal surgery in infants and children: a simple calculation of the volume of local anaesthetic","volume":"28","author":"Satoyoshi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib22","first-page":"396","article-title":"Caudal block in children","volume":"34","author":"Armitage","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199403000-00016","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular approach for regional anesthesia of the brachial plexus","volume":"78","author":"Kapral","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03485.x","article-title":"Segmental distribution of cuadal anesthesia (1.5 ml kg\u22121) in neonates, infants and toddlers as assessed by ultrasonography","volume":"21","author":"Lundblad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aer128_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69983-2_1","article-title":"The development of the vertebral column","volume":"90","author":"Verbout","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091217331203?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091217331203?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bja\/article-pdf\/107\/2\/229\/844960\/aer128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T18:41:44Z","timestamp":1757788904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091217331203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091217331203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aer128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0912","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: the effect of different volumes of local anaesthetics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aer128","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}