{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:04:57Z","timestamp":1792440297170,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Skin of colour or pigmented skin has unique characteristics: it has a higher eumelanin-to-pheomelanin ratio, more mature melanosomes, an increased amount of melanin distributed in the upper layers of the epidermis, and more efficient DNA repair compared with lighter skin. However, individuals with skin of colour are at a significant risk of skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, including the development of photodermatoses and photoageing changes such as uneven skin tone, and are predisposed to pigmentary disorders. In fact, one of the most common conditions leading to dermatology consultations by patients with skin of colour is photoexacerbated pigmentary disorders. Unfortunately, individuals with skin of colour may be less prone to engage in photoprotective measures, including the use of sunscreens. Physicians are also less likely to prescribe sunscreens for them. There is thus a clear need for better education on photodamage and for more efficient and suitable photoprotection in populations with skin of colour. However, this need has thus far only partially been met, and the development of sunscreen products designed to provide optimal photoprotection for people with skin of colour remains a challenge. Targeted sunscreens for individuals with skin of colour require optimal cosmetic appeal (leaving no white residue and not disrupting skin tone). They should include broad-spectrum [ultraviolet (UV)B\/UVA] protection with high sun protection factor, as well as protection against long-wave UVA (UVA1) and visible light, as these wavelengths are capable of inducing or augmenting pigmentary disorders. They may also contain depigmenting agents for patients with pigmentary disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T23:09:01Z","timestamp":1673132941000},"page":"168-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Photoprotection for people with skin of colour: needs and strategies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Krutmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IUF \u2013 Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Dusseldorf , Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University , D\u00fcsseldorf , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Piquero-Casals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermik \u2013 Cl\u00ednica Dermatol\u00f3gica Multidisciplinar , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Morgado-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Development, ISDIN , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Trull\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Development, ISDIN , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Passeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CHU Nice, Department of Dermatology , Nice , France"},{"name":"University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur , INSERM U1065, C3M, Nice , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry W","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health , Detroit, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3 Suppl. 1","key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.09.039","article-title":"Photoprotection in specific populations: children and people of color","volume":"76","author":"Cestari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.1991.tb00561.x","article-title":"Skin colour typology and suntanning pathways","volume":"13","author":"Chardon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12529","article-title":"Variations in skin colour and the biological consequences of ultraviolet radiation exposure","volume":"169","author":"Del Bino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B4","first-page":"14","article-title":"Frontoplasty technique for the Mestizo patient","volume":"14","author":"Aguilera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B5","volume-title":"Demographic turning points for the United States: population projections for 2020 to 2060","author":"Vespa"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21043","article-title":"Barrier requirements as the evolutionary \u2018driver\u2019 of epidermal pigmentation in humans","volume":"22","author":"Elias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17242","article-title":"Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel","volume":"35","author":"Passeron","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12543","article-title":"Comparison of racial distribution of photodermatoses in USA academic dermatology clinics: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 1080 patients over a 10-year period","volume":"36","author":"Hamel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.10.008","article-title":"Sunscreen recommendations for patients with skin of color in the popular press and in the dermatology clinic","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.4741","article-title":"Trends in sunscreen recommendation among US physicians","volume":"150","author":"Akamine","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12676","article-title":"Age-based gaps between awareness of photoaging and photoprotective practices among African American adults","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.05.023","article-title":"Self-reported pigmentary phenotypes and race are significant but incomplete predictors of Fitzpatrick skin phototype in an ethnically diverse population","volume":"71","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.003","article-title":"Research techniques made simple: cutaneous colorimetry: a reliable technique for objective skin color measurement","volume":"140","author":"Ly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B14","first-page":"270","article-title":"The Taylor Hyper\u00adpigmentation Scale: a new visual assessment tool for the evaluation of skin color and pigmentation","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13562","article-title":"Individual typology angle and Fitzpatrick skin phototypes are not equivalent in photodermatology","volume":"98","author":"Osto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22609.x","article-title":"Responses of black and white skin to solar-simulating radiation: differences in DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, proteolytic enzymes induced, keratinocyte activation, and IL-10 expression","volume":"122","author":"Rijken","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701472R","article-title":"Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes","volume":"32","author":"Fajuyigbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4616","article-title":"UV exposure and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in skin of color: a systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6258","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006258","article-title":"Malignant melanoma in African-Americans: a population-based clinical outcomes study involving 1106 African-American patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) Database (1988\u20132011)","volume":"96","author":"Mahendraraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B20","author":"Howlader"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2015.03.009","article-title":"Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma arising within a lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus in an African-American woman","volume":"1","author":"Gamble","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.063","article-title":"Skin cancer in skin of color","volume":"55","author":"Gloster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B23","first-page":"484","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma in skin of color","volume":"11","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12806","article-title":"Appearance of aging signs in differently pigmented facial skin by a novel imaging system","volume":"18","author":"Campiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03589.x","article-title":"Are dark-skinned people really protected from ultraviolet radiation?","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B26","first-page":"31","article-title":"Aging differences in ethnic skin","volume":"9","author":"Vashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B27","first-page":"392","article-title":"Evaluation of inherent differences between African American and white skin surface properties using subjective and objective measures","volume":"73","author":"Grimes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B28","first-page":"20","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B29","first-page":"114","article-title":"Assessment and comparison of quality of life in patients with melasma and vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Amatya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B30","first-page":"387","article-title":"Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey","volume":"80","author":"Alexis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B31","first-page":"466","article-title":"Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.190103","article-title":"Skin hyperpigmentation in Indian population: insights and best practice","volume":"61","author":"Nouveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.140290","article-title":"Skin complexion and pigmentary disorders in facial skin of 1204 women in 4 Indian cities","volume":"80","author":"Hourblin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","article-title":"Melasma in Latin America: options for therapy and treatment algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Cestari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03778.x","article-title":"The prevalence of melasma and its association with quality of life among adult male migrant Latino workers","volume":"48","author":"Pichardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2019.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of pigmentary disorders: a cross-sectional study in public hospitals in Durban, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Dlova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B37","article-title":"African ancestry is associated with facial melasma in women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"D\u2019Elia","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01417.x","article-title":"Dermatological disorders in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12273","article-title":"Differences in visible light-induced pigmentation according to wavelengths: a clinical and histological study in comparison with UVB exposure","volume":"27","author":"Duteil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.95","article-title":"Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin","volume":"130","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.07.833","article-title":"Melanocytes sense blue light and regulate pigmentation through opsin-3","volume":"138","author":"Regazzetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2019.04.019","article-title":"Common skin disorders in pediatric skin of color","volume":"33","author":"Maymone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.03.118","article-title":"Transcultural assessment of quality of life in patients with vitiligo","volume":"86","author":"Hans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.135385","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients","volume":"36","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13366","article-title":"Vitiligo on black skin: epidemiological and clinical aspects in dermatology, Cotonou (Benin)","volume":"56","author":"D\u00e9gbo\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.07.003","article-title":"The influence of climate change on skin cancer incidence \u2013 a review of the evidence","volume":"7","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.11.001","article-title":"Air pollution and skin disorders","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.4.1385","article-title":"Sun protection use behaviour among university students from 25 low, middle income and emerging economy countries","volume":"16","author":"Pengpid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.12.018","article-title":"Skin of color lacks representation in medical student resources: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Perlman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4615","article-title":"Challenges and controversy in determining UV exposure as a risk factor for cutaneous melanoma in skin of color","volume":"157","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16030","article-title":"Photoprotection of the future: challenges and opportunities","volume":"34","author":"Krutmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12736","article-title":"Effects of visible light on mechanisms of skin photoaging","volume":"38","author":"Pourang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17992","article-title":"Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status","volume":"181","author":"Passeron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12377","article-title":"Influence of visible light on cutaneous hyperchromias: clinical efficacy of broad-spectrum sunscreens","volume":"34","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.079","article-title":"Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: a review of tinted sunscreens","volume":"84","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B57","first-page":"197","article-title":"4-(1-Phenylethyl) 1,3-benzenediol: a new highly potent lightening agent","volume":"57","author":"Schmaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E241","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7090241","article-title":"The improvement of skin whitening of phenylethyl resorcinol by nanostructured lipid carriers","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12051","article-title":"4-n-butylresorcinol, a highly effective tyrosinase inhibitor for the topical treatment of \u00adhyperpigmentation","volume":"27","author":"Kolbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12694","article-title":"Effective reduction of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation with the tyrosinase inhibitor isobutylamido-thiazolyl-resorcinol (Thiamidol)","volume":"43","author":"Roggenkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17344","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (Thiamidol) vs. 4% hydroquinone cream for facial melasma: an evaluator-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01415.x","article-title":"Modulation of skin pigmentation by the tetrapeptide PKEK: in vitro and in vivo evidence for skin whitening effects","volume":"21","author":"Marini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379173","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/379173","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma","volume":"2011","author":"Navarrete-Sol\u00eds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16150","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability on melasma of a topical cosmetic product acting on melanocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells: a randomized comparative trial against 4% hydroquinone","volume":"34","author":"Bronzina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071537","article-title":"Photoprotection and skin pigmentation: melanin-related molecules and some other new agents obtained from natural sources","volume":"25","author":"Solano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12541","article-title":"Orally administered mixed carotenoids protect human skin against ultraviolet A-induced skin pigmentation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Baswan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics6010015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an oral nutritional (dietary) supplement containing Pinus pinaster bark extract and grape seed extract in combination with a high SPF sunscreen in the treatment of mild-to-moderate melasma: a prospective clinical study","volume":"6","author":"Aladr\u00e9n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00188","article-title":"Oral photoprotection: effective agents and potential candidates","volume":"5","author":"Parrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.044","article-title":"The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: a human clinical study","volume":"77","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B70","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract and its impact on visible light-induced pigmentation in human subjects","volume":"18","author":"Mohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-019-00345-y","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of a food supplement in increasing photoprotection and improving selective markers related to skin photo-ageing","volume":"10","author":"Granger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00425-4","article-title":"Mana\u00adgement pearls on the treatment of actinic keratoses and field cancerization","volume":"10","author":"Piquero-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"2023100520295756500_ljac046-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.4294","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract as an adjunct to sunscreen in the treatment of melasma","volume":"149","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjd\/ljac046\/48518041\/ljac046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article-pdf\/188\/2\/168\/51899122\/ljac046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article-pdf\/188\/2\/168\/51899122\/ljac046.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T16:52:57Z","timestamp":1696524777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article\/188\/2\/168\/6815660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjd\/ljac046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0963","1365-2133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0963","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]}}}