{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T21:28:25Z","timestamp":1785360505988,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003061","name":"Erasmus Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001828","name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006190","name":"Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009950","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007190","name":"Unilever","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008626","name":"Cochlear","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Looking older for one\u2019s chronological age is associated with a higher mortality rate. Yet it remains unclear how perceived facial age relates to morbidity and the degree to which facial ageing reflects systemic ageing of the human body.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the association between \u0394PA and age-related morbidities of different organ systems, where \u0394PA represents the difference between perceived age (PA) and chronological age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional analysis on data from the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. High-resolution facial photographs of 2679 men and women aged 51.5\u201387.8\u2005years of European descent were used to assess PA. PA was estimated and scored in 5-year categories using these photographs by a panel of men and women who were blinded for chronological age and medical history. A linear mixed model was used to generate the mean PAs. The difference between the mean PA and chronological age was calculated (\u0394PA), where a higher (positive) \u0394PA means that the person looks younger for their age and a lower (negative) \u0394PA that the person looks older. \u0394PA was tested as a continuous variable for association with ageing-related morbidities including cardiovascular, pulmonary, ophthalmological, neurocognitive, renal, skeletal and auditory morbidities in separate regression analyses, adjusted for age and sex (model 1) and additionally for body mass index, smoking and sun exposure (model 2).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed 5-year higher \u0394PA (i.e. looking younger by 5\u2005years for one\u2019s age) to be associated with less osteoporosis [odds ratio (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62\u20130.93], less chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77\u20130.95), less age-related hearing loss (model 2; B = \u22120.76, 95% CI \u22121.35 to \u22120.17) and fewer cataracts (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73\u20130.97), but with better global cognitive functioning (g-factor; model 2; B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.10).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PA is associated with multiple morbidities and better cognitive function, suggesting that systemic ageing and cognitive ageing are, to an extent, externally visible in the human face.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:06:14Z","timestamp":1673395574000},"page":"390-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Younger facial looks are associate with a lower likelihood of several age-related morbidities in the middle-aged to elderly"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Selma","family":"Meki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luba M","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilever Research and Development, Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie C","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merel A","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Arfan","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eline J","family":"Vinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meike W","family":"Vernooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet E G","family":"Haarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric F","family":"Thee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle E","family":"Vergroesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline C W","family":"Klaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline H","family":"Croll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the\u00a0Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Goedegebure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the\u00a0Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Trajanoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rivadeneira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce B J","family":"van Meurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banafsheh","family":"Arshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the 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