{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:16:25Z","timestamp":1791994585031,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune bullous disease characterized by blistering of the skin and mucosa owing to the presence of autoantibodies against the desmosome proteins desmoglein 3 and occasionally in conjunction with desmoglein 1. Fundamental research into the pathogenesis of PV has revolutionized its treatment and outcome with rituximab, a B-cell-depleting therapy. The critical contribution of B cells to the pathogenesis of pemphigus is well accepted. However, the exact pathomechanism, mechanisms of onset, disease course and relapse remain unclear. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the fundamental research progress that has unfolded over the past few centuries to give rise to current and emerging therapies. Furthermore, we summarize the multifaceted roles of B cells in PV, including their development, maturation and antibody activity. Finally, we explored how these various aspects of B-cell function contribute to disease pathogenesis and pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T18:21:18Z","timestamp":1710872478000},"page":"164-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Beyond the skin: B cells in pemphigus vulgaris, tolerance and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0648-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Strandmoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology"},{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles F H","family":"Diercks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology"},{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1091-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Gosty\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Ammatuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology-Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendri H","family":"Pas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Wouthuyzen-Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention; University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , the\u00a0Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6789-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerwin A","family":"Huls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology-Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Heeringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5085-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon D","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31778-7","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"394","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90360-B","article-title":"Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion","volume":"67","author":"Amagai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B3","first-page":"17026","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00136","article-title":"Pemphigus \u2013 a disease of desmosome dysfunction caused by multiple mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Spindler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92616-8_8","article-title":"The immunogenetics of autoimmune blistering diseases","volume":"1367","author":"Kneiber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.05.005","article-title":"Family study of monozygotic twins affected by pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"77","author":"Salathiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550152384380","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris in two sisters","volume":"81","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-007-0760-y","article-title":"Circulating pemphigus autoantibodies in healthy relatives of pemphigus patients: coincidental phenomenon with a risk of disease development?","volume":"299","author":"Torzecka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2021.100004","article-title":"Epidemiology of pemphigus","volume":"1","author":"Kridin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.06.055","article-title":"Remarkable differences in the epidemiology of pemphigus among two ethnic populations in the same geographic region","volume":"75","author":"Kridin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02786.x","article-title":"Pemphigus \u2013 analysis of epidemiological factors in 155 patients","volume":"22","author":"Mimouni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04564.x","article-title":"Genotyping for HLA-A, B and C alleles in Japanese patients with pemphigus: prevalence of Asian alleles of the HLA-B15 family","volume":"146","author":"Miyagawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2003.09.019","article-title":"HLA-G is associated with pemphigus vulgaris in Jewish patients","volume":"65","author":"Gazit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-008-9244-x","article-title":"HLA class II (DRB, DQA1 and DQB1) allele and haplotype frequencies in the patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"29","author":"Shams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.291","article-title":"Persistence of anti-desmoglein 3 IgG(+) B-cell clones in pemphigus patients over years","volume":"135","author":"Hammers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175ra30","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005166","article-title":"Long-term remissions of severe pemphigus after rituximab therapy are associated with prolonged failure of desmoglein B cell response","volume":"5","author":"Colliou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00497-9","article-title":"Rituximab: a review in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"21","author":"Frampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B18","volume-title":"Systema morborum symptomaticum, secundum classes, ordines et genera. Cum characteribus propositum","author":"von Sagar","year":"1771"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B19","first-page":"361","article-title":"Observations on pemphigus","volume":"10","author":"Christie","year":"1789","journal-title":"Lond Med J"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B20","first-page":"309","article-title":"Observations on pemphigus","volume":"9","author":"Dickson","year":"1788","journal-title":"Lond Med J"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B21","volume-title":"Acute exantheme und autkrankheiten","author":"Hebra","year":"1860"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B22","volume-title":"Hand-book of Skin Diseases","author":"Neumann","year":"1877"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B23","volume-title":"Manual of Diseases of the Skin with an Analysis of eight thousand Consecutive Cases","author":"Bulkey","year":"1890","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1950.01530190020002","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"62","author":"Combes","year":"1950","journal-title":"AMA Arch Derm Syphilol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1947.01520060034004","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris: a study of the blood picture","volume":"55","author":"Grace","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Derm Syphilol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B26","first-page":"471","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris steroid treatment with cortisone acetate","volume":"65","author":"Polson","year":"1951","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1953.01540020044009","article-title":"Corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisone in treatment of pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"67","author":"Aquilina","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1961.58","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"36","author":"Wilgram","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1963.33","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-117-29622","article-title":"Demonstration of skin antibodies in sera of pemphigus vulgaris patients by indirect immunofluorescent staining","volume":"117","author":"Beutner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00498776","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapy of pemphigus vulgaris. Preliminary results of azathioprine (Imuran) treatment","volume":"235","author":"Wolff","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Klin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/229059a0","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of pemphigus autoantibodies within the epidermis","volume":"229","author":"Wolff","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B33","first-page":"483","article-title":"Electron microscopy of the oral mucosa in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"26","author":"Braun-Falco","year":"1975","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.3.1109","article-title":"Further analysis of pemphigus autoantibodies and their use in studies on the heterogeneity, structure, and function of desmosomes","volume":"102","author":"Jones","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B35","first-page":"2","article-title":"FDA approves new kind of lymphoma treatment. Food and Drug Administration","volume":"284","author":"James","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Treat News"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06651.x","article-title":"Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) in the treatment of pemphigus","volume":"153","author":"Arin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.126273","article-title":"Anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of recalcitrant, life-threatening pemphigus vulgaris with implications in the pathogenesis of the disorder","volume":"47","author":"Salopeka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30070-3","article-title":"First-line rituximab combined with short-term prednisone versus prednisone alone for the treatment of pemphigus (Ritux 3): a prospective, multicentre, parallel-group, open-label randomised trial","volume":"389","author":"Joly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2011.47","article-title":"Bone marrow and the control of immunity","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600567","article-title":"Determinants of VH1\u201346 cross-reactivity to pemphigus vulgaris autoantigen \u00addesmoglein 3 and rotavirus antigen VP6","volume":"197","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20221717","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221717","article-title":"Progressive differentiation toward the long-lived plasma cell compartment in the bone marrow","volume":"220","author":"Koike","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13461","article-title":"Application of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pemphigus","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00839","article-title":"Keratinocyte binding assay identifies anti-desmosomal pemphigus antibodies where other tests are negative","volume":"9","author":"Giurdanella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525448113","article-title":"Multiplexed autoantigen microarrays identify HLA as a key driver of anti-desmoglein and -non-desmoglein reactivities in pemphigus","volume":"113","author":"Sajda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh150","article-title":"Auto-reactive B cells against peripheral antigen, desmoglein 3, escape from tolerance mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Ota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn095","article-title":"Autoreactive B-cell elimination by pathogenic IgG specific for the same antigen: implications for peripheral tolerance","volume":"20","author":"Ota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2006.00677.x","article-title":"Antigen mimicry, epitope spreading and\u00a0the pathogenesis of pemphigus","volume":"68","author":"Tchernev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.11.001","article-title":"B cell epitope spreading: mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases","volume":"163","author":"Cornaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.448","article-title":"Epitope spreading is rarely found in pemphigus vulgaris by large-scale longitudinal study using desmoglein 2-based swapped molecules","volume":"132","author":"Ohyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.03.005","article-title":"Role of intramolecular epitope spreading in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"116","author":"Salato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115968","article-title":"Autoantibodies against the amino-terminal cadherin-like binding domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen are pathogenic","volume":"90","author":"Amagai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.013","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of pemphigus autoantibodies indicates a larger, more diverse, and more dynamic repertoire than determined by B cell genetics","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.3.1740","article-title":"A single helper T cell clone is sufficient to commit polyclonal naive B cells to produce pathogenic IgG in experimental pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"182","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64413","article-title":"Pemphigus autoantibodies generated through somatic mutations target the desmoglein-3 cis-interface","volume":"122","author":"Di Zenzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5167","article-title":"Shared VH1\u201346 gene usage by pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies indicates common humoral immune responses among patients","volume":"5","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.066","article-title":"Single-cell analysis suggests that ongoing affinity maturation drives the emergence of pemphigus vulgaris autoimmune disease","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00912.x","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris following varicella infection","volume":"26","author":"Goon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.04.020","article-title":"Walnut antigens can trigger autoantibody development in patients with pemphigus vulgaris through a \u2018hit-and-run\u2019 mechanism","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13342","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus are associated with pemphigus vulgaris but not with pemphigus foliaceus disease","volume":"26","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058759","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1058759","article-title":"The multifactorial complexities of autoimmune development in pemphigus vulgaris: critical evaluation of the role of environmental and lifestyle \u2018exposome\u2019 factors","volume":"13","author":"Adebiyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1790-8","article-title":"Pemphigus trigger factors: special focus on pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus","volume":"310","author":"Tavakolpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.330","article-title":"AIRE-dependent thymic expression of desmoglein 3, the autoantigen in pemphigus vulgaris, and its role in T-cell tolerance","volume":"131","author":"Wada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3883","article-title":"T cell recognition of desmoglein 3 peptides in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and healthy individuals","volume":"172","author":"Veldman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026763118","article-title":"Peripheral tolerance by Treg via constraining OX40 signal in autoreactive T cells against desmoglein 3, a target antigen in pemphigus","volume":"118","author":"Iriki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.07.717","article-title":"Autoreactive B cell differentiation in diffuse ectopic lymphoid-like structures of inflamed pemphigus lesions","volume":"140","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03387-7","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of pemphigus lesion infiltrating mononuclear cells reveals a distinct local immune microenvironment and novel lncRNA regulators","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100781","article-title":"IgM to IgG class switching is a necessary step for pemphigus phenotype induction in desmoglein 3-specific B cell receptor knock-in mouse","volume":"208","author":"Nomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B69","first-page":"166","article-title":"Trauma-induced pemphigus: a case series of 36 patients","volume":"14","author":"Daneshpazhooh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13192","article-title":"Impaired function of CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi regulatory B cells in patients with pemphigus","volume":"172","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15113","article-title":"Decreased level of interleukin-10-producing B cells in patients with pemphigus but not in patients with pemphigoid","volume":"176","author":"Kabuto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611795","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611795","article-title":"Immunosuppressive mechanisms of regulatory B cells","volume":"12","author":"Catal\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00840.x","article-title":"Detection of antigen-specific B cells in patients with pemphigus vulgaris by enzyme-linked immunospot assay: requirement of T cell collaboration for autoantibody production","volume":"114","author":"Nishifuji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00137.x","article-title":"Use of domain-swapped molecules for conformational epitope mapping of desmoglein 3 in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"115","author":"Futei","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.5439","article-title":"Dominant autoimmune epitopes recognized by pemphigus antibodies map to the N-terminal adhesive region of desmogleins","volume":"167","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.07.010","article-title":"Removal of amino-terminal extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 by staphylococcal exfoliative toxin is sufficient to initiate epidermal blister formation","volume":"59","author":"Nishifuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24185","article-title":"Genetic and functional characterization of human pemphigus vulgaris monoclonal autoantibodies isolated by phage display","volume":"115","author":"Payne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2277","article-title":"Antibodies to the amino-terminal domain of desmoglein 1 are retained during transition from pemphigus vulgaris to pemphigus foliaceus","volume":"24","author":"Espa\u00f1a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2022.09.012","article-title":"Is transition between subtypes of pemphigus possible? A series of pemphigus vulgaris patients showing the transition to pemphigus foliaceus","volume":"98","author":"Kucukoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581370","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.581370","article-title":"Dsg2 upregulation as a rescue mechanism in pemphigus","volume":"11","author":"Sigmund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00996-y","article-title":"Desmoglein 2 regulates cardiogenesis by restricting hematopoiesis in the developing murine heart","volume":"11","author":"Moazzen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00273-3","article-title":"Desmoglein 4 in hair follicle differentiation and epidermal adhesion: evidence from inherited hypotrichosis and acquired pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"113","author":"Kljuic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03920.x","article-title":"Recalcitrant facial pemphigus vulgaris: correlation of skin lesions with the ratio of antidesmoglein antibodies 1 and 3","volume":"36","author":"Fujii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1993.tb00016.x","article-title":"Activation of keratinocyte muscarinic acetylcholine receptors reverses pemphigus acantholysis","volume":"2","author":"Grando","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106149","article-title":"Mechanisms of synergy of autoantibodies to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and secretory pathway Ca2+\/Mn2+-ATPase isoform 1 in patients with non-desmoglein pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"80","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006743","article-title":"Synergy among non-desmoglein antibodies contributes to the immunopathology of desmoglein antibody-negative pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"294","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930600971554","article-title":"Significance of autoimmunity to non-desmoglein targets in pemphigus","volume":"39","author":"Kurzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01190","article-title":"Non-desmoglein antibodies in patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Amber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.046","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris antibodies target the mitochondrial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that protect keratinocytes from apoptolysis","volume":"29","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.081570","article-title":"Antimitochondrial autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: a missing link in disease pathophysiology","volume":"285","author":"Marchenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057587","article-title":"Pemphigus vulgaris autoantibody profiling by proteomic technique","volume":"8","author":"Kalantari-Dehaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701260","article-title":"E-cadherin is an additional immunological target for pemphigus autoantibodies","volume":"128","author":"Evangelista","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI511","article-title":"Anti-Fc\u03b5RI\u03b1 autoantibodies in autoimmune-mediated disorders. Identification of a structure\u2013function relationship","volume":"101","author":"Fiebiger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00158-4","article-title":"Predominant IgG4 subclass in autoantibodies of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus","volume":"26","author":"Futei","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.03.017","article-title":"The complement system in B cell regulation","volume":"41","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948454","article-title":"Divergent chemokine receptor expression and the consequence for human IgG4 B cell responses","volume":"50","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156800","article-title":"Pathogenicity and epitope characteristics do not differ in IgG subclass-switched anti-desmoglein 3 IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01788","article-title":"The p.Arg435His variation of IgG3 with high affinity to FcRn is associated with susceptibility for pemphigus vulgaris \u2013 analysis of four different ethnic cohorts","volume":"9","author":"Recke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/antib9040053","article-title":"Structure, function, and therapeutic use of IgM antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Keyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.015","article-title":"Pathogenic relevance of IgG and IgM antibodies against desmoglein 3 in blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"179","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2014.2639","article-title":"The unexplored roles of human serum IgA","volume":"33","author":"Leong","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00195","article-title":"Selective IgA deficiency in autoimmune diseases","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14410","article-title":"Serum and salivary IgG and IgA antibodies to desmoglein 3 in mucosal pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"175","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04228.x","article-title":"IgG, IgA and IgE autoantibodies against the ectodomain of desmoglein 3 in active pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"144","author":"Spaeth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07717.x","article-title":"Coexistence of IgA antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3 in pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus","volume":"156","author":"Mentink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-266536","article-title":"Steady-state generation of mucosal IgA+ plasmablasts is not abrogated by B-cell depletion therapy with rituximab","volume":"116","author":"Mei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.59","article-title":"Persistence of autoreactive IgA-secreting B cells despite multiple immunosuppressive medications including rituximab","volume":"151","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2273","article-title":"IgE in allergy and asthma today","volume":"8","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.11.006","article-title":"Clinical activity of pemphigus vulgaris relates to IgE autoantibodies against desmoglein 3","volume":"134","author":"Nagel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16752","article-title":"Patsatsi \u0391","volume":"34","author":"Joly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00544-w","article-title":"Novel therapies for pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"21","author":"Altman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1672539","article-title":"Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: part 2 \u2013 emerging therapies","volume":"15","author":"Yanovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2165\/11316810-000000000-00000","article-title":"Novel therapies for pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"26","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01935","article-title":"Immunoadsorption of desmoglein-3-specific IgG abolishes the blister-inducing capacity of pemphigus vulgaris IgG in neonatal mice","volume":"9","author":"Hofrichter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060942","article-title":"Stabilization of keratinocyte monolayer integrity in the presence of anti-desmoglein-3 antibodies through FcRn blockade with efgartigimod: novel treatment paradigm for pemphigus?","volume":"11","author":"Zakrzewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863095","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.863095","article-title":"FcRn antagonism leads to a decrease of desmoglein-specific B cells: secondary analysis of a phase 2 study of efgartigimod in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus","volume":"13","author":"Maho-Vaillant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024071611293050400_ljae107-B117","author":"Hennecke"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjd\/ljae107\/57386540\/ljae107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article-pdf\/191\/2\/164\/58554405\/ljae107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article-pdf\/191\/2\/164\/58554405\/ljae107.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T11:36:19Z","timestamp":1721129779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjd\/article\/191\/2\/164\/7632162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjd\/ljae107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0963","1365-2133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0963","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}