{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:15:43Z","timestamp":1792134943738,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genital lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects men, women and children. It is most common in female patients, with an estimated 1\u20133% of women affected across their lifetimes. Vulvar LS can cause significant symptoms and affect a person\u2019s quality of life (QoL). To enhance the quality of clinical research and practice, core outcome domains have been identified, including QoL, clinical signs and symptoms, by the Core Outcome Set for Research in Lichen Sclerosus (CORALS) initiative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify key symptoms for the core outcome symptom domain for research in LS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An international multidisciplinary steering committee of experts in vulvar, penile and paediatric LS was convened to define and discuss LS symptoms. A modified eDelphi process was conducted among experts to reach consensus on priority symptoms. An online patient survey was distributed to patient advocacy groups to rank symptoms. A scoping review was performed to identify commonly measured symptoms in LS studies in men, women and children. Results from all three sources were analysed and symptoms selected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patient survey (n = 863) ranked itch, burning, pain, and cuts or tears in the skin as the most important symptoms, with pain with sex being most important to some and least important to others. Ninety-nine per cent of respondents to the survey identified as adult women, limiting generalizability to other populations with LS. Expert consensus identified five key symptoms: itch; pain with vaginal penetration; cuts and tears in the skin; pain; and irritation. The scoping review of 92 manuscripts showed itch, pain with penetration and burning\/burning pain as the most frequently measured symptoms. Itch emerged as the most important symptom across all three data sources, with pain also consistently prioritized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified five key symptoms for evaluating vulvar LS. Although designed to capture symptoms from all patients with LS, the survey and scoping review both included small populations of male and paediatric participants, highlighting the need for further research in these populations. Based on the results, we suggest measurement of itch, pain, skin cuts and tears, burning and (when relevant) pain with sex within the symptoms core outcome domain for vulvar LS. These findings will be used to inform content validity studies when evaluating potential measurement instruments for the Core Outcome Set.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T12:09:14Z","timestamp":1757678954000},"page":"283-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of key symptoms for a Core Outcome Set for\u00a0research in vulvar lichen sclerosus: a CORALS symptom domain initiative"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1625-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin L","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Center for Women's Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 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