{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:15:17Z","timestamp":1787008517574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000296","name":"British Skin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["006\/R\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/R\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011713","name":"Worldwide Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-0087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"King\u2019s Health Partners Centre for Translational Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC; MR\/W006820\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC; MR\/W006820\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220589\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220589\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical significance of B cells and the antibodies they express is increasingly appreciated in melanoma, a highly immunogenic tumour, for which immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is the standard care for advanced disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the phenotypes and roles of B cells and antibodies in patients with melanoma, and their prognostic and predictive value, in a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using three search engines, we conducted literature searches for full-text studies written in English from 1 January 2000 to 9 October 2024. Three reviewers conducted title and abstract screening, followed by full-text paper assessment by two independent reviewers. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024592965).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 4667 identified studies (PubMed, n = 827; Scopus, n = 2759; Ovid MEDLINE, n = 1081), 1659 were duplicates. The titles and abstracts of the remaining 3008 were screened to yield 251 full-text papers, resulting in the inclusion of 80 studies. Our search identified increased na\u00efve, alternatively activated and regulatory B cells in blood, and a bias towards differentiated and class-switched B-cell infiltrates in tumours. Consistent associations were found between B-cell density in tumours, particularly the abundance of memory B cells and more favourable survival outcomes. Despite tumour and immune response heterogeneity, collectively, enriched B-cell signatures such as B-cell abundance, B-cell receptor diversity and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in tumours correlated with better ICI response. Antibody dysregulation favouring the anti-inflammatory IgG4 isotype was associated with less-favourable outcomes, while class switching to immune-stimulating isotypes such as IgG1 correlated with better clinical outcomes and ICI response. Antibody reactivity and autoantibody analysis revealed distinct isotype signatures in patients, the presence of cancer antigen-reactive antibodies and an association between increased autoantibody production on treatment with ICIs and the development of toxicity (immune-related adverse events; irAEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We draw consensus for associations between class-switched B cells and immune-active antibody isotypes that indicate heightened classical immunity, with improved immunotherapy response. Alternatively activated, regulatory B cells and immune-inert antibody isotypes are associated with immunosuppression and less-favourable clinical outcomes. We reveal aspects of humoral immunity that offer opportunities to identify predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy response and irAEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljag074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T12:45:21Z","timestamp":1772023521000},"page":"1046-1063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phenotypic, functional, prognostic and predictive significance of B-cell and antibody responses in human melanoma: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Booth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and KHP Centre for Translational Medicine, Guy\u2019s Hospital, King\u2019s College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King\u2019s College London , London 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