{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:03:27Z","timestamp":1792785807242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cwqg982","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Industrial Partnership Award","award":["BB\/V007734\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V007734\/1"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC Prosperity Partnership","award":["BB\/Y003233\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Y003233\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0187kwz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The skin and its commensal microbiota are regularly exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight. While UVR is a major environmental factor affecting human skin, the influence of skin microbiota on skin\u2019s UVR response remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the impact of the skin microbiota on UVR-induced inflammation (sunburn response) in healthy humans (Fitzpatrick skin type I\u2013III, n = 10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethanol-disinfected and nondisinfected upper back skin of 10 healthy volunteers was exposed to a geometric series of solar-simulated UVR (SSR, erythemally weighted, 7\u201380 mJ cm\u22122). Erythema was assessed 24\u2005h postexposure visually and using reflectance spectroscopy. Skin biopsies were collected 0.5 and 24\u2005h after exposure to 80 mJ cm\u22122 SSR and from unexposed skin. Keratinocyte apoptosis (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3), proliferation (Ki67) and dermal inflammatory infiltrate (CD68, neutrophil elastase, CD4) were assessed by immunostaining. Gene expression and pathway enrichment were analysed using Xenium spatial transcriptomics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disinfected and nondisinfected skin exhibited similar minimal erythema doses, with no significant difference in the UVR-erythema dose\u2013response. Disinfection had no detectable effect on the measured outcomes in unexposed skin. At 0.5\u2005h postexposure, disinfected skin responded similarly to nondisinfected skin across all measured parameters. However, at 24\u2005h postexposure, disinfected skin showed significantly fewer TUNEL+ keratinocytes (P \u00a0&amp;lt; 0.001), CD68+ macrophages (P = 0.01), and neutrophil elastase+ neutrophils (P = 0.01), together with increased Ki67+ keratinocyte proliferation (P = 0.02) compared with nondisinfected skin. Spatial transcriptomic analysis supported these findings, showing upregulation of proliferation-associated genes and pathways in disinfected skin, whereas apoptosis-associated and inflammation-associated pathways were enriched in nondisinfected skin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that the healthy skin microbiota modulates human skin\u2019s response to UVR, promoting keratinocyte apoptosis and dermal infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages while reducing keratinocyte proliferation.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>An author video to accompany this article is available online.<\/jats:p>\n                  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