{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:28:57Z","timestamp":1789871337936,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1169","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lymphedema is a common complication of cancer treatment, leading to significant morbidity. Early and accurate diagnosis through the combined expertise of radiology and nuclear medicine is crucial for preventing lymphedema progression and improving patient outcomes. Imaging techniques such as lymphoscintigraphy, duplex ultrasound, MRI, and CT as well as newer modalities including near-infra-red lymphangiography can diagnose and assess lymphedema severity. Bioimpedance spectroscopy provides a non-invasive tool for early detection by measuring extracellular fluid changes, aiding in identifying lymphedema at its earliest stages. Pre-treatment baseline measurements and prospective surveillance models are essential for tracking limb volume changes and mobility, enhancing early intervention outcomes. Recognizing the strengths and limitations of each imaging modality allows radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians to synergistically optimize lymphedema diagnosis and management. Effective management relies on multidisciplinary collaboration and includes conservative and surgical options tailored to disease severity. Advanced imaging modalities are pivotal for planning and monitoring interventional strategies. This review explores the development and management of secondary lymphedema in oncological patients, focusing chiefly on imaging and treatment strategies. It also briefly highlights the evolving role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in enhancing imaging precision and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T18:02:11Z","timestamp":1739296931000},"page":"619-629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Imaging and management of lymphedema in the era of precision oncology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Pranjal","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400012,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , L7 8TX Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Imaging, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust , L7 8YA Liverpool,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400012,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Cancer Centre and Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Tata Memorial Hospital , Varanasi 221 005,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niyati","family":"Pokar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 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