{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:34:50Z","timestamp":1789425290780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1172","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pulmonary sarcoidosis, although generally associated with a good prognosis, remains challenging to manage in view of its unpredictable disease behaviour and outcome. Being able to phenotype patients with sarcoidosis could potentially facilitate treatment decisions and promote research anchored to disease behaviour and outcome. Efforts to phenotype sarcoidosis using imaging date back to the early 1900s when chest X-rays were the main modality for lung parenchymal evaluation. However, despite significant advances in technology, there is currently no consensus on how we should classify this disease utilizing more modern imaging techniques. In this review, we provide an overview of imaging phenotypes in sarcoidosis, discuss the challenges of disease classification, evaluate associations between imaging appearance and outcome, and explore new developments in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:44:35Z","timestamp":1748436275000},"page":"1188-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phenotyping pulmonary sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8383-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kokosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital SW3 6NP and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London SW3 6LY , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishanth","family":"Sivarasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust , London SE1 7EH,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.185","article-title":"Long-term follow-up CT scan evaluation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"127","author":"Akira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000080","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis","volume":"20","author":"Gerke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-214348","article-title":"BTS clinical statement on pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"76","author":"Thillai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2007.06.002","article-title":"The pathology of pulmonary sarcoidosis: update","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.1.8372178","article-title":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis: correlation of CT and histopathologic findings","volume":"189","author":"Nishimura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00086410","article-title":"Lymphatic and blood microvasculature organisation in pulmonary sarcoid granulomas","volume":"37","author":"Kambouchner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.1.109","article-title":"Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Shorr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.2.7824721","article-title":"CT assessment of bronchi in sarcoidosis: endoscopic and pathologic correlations","volume":"194","author":"Lenique","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.3.9844661","article-title":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis: morphologic associations of airflow obstruction at thin-section CT","volume":"209","author":"Hansell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025081213174111500_tqaf118-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201303-069FR","article-title":"Pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis. 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