{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:30:49Z","timestamp":1783366249447,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1172","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neuroparasitic infections are caused by a variety of organisms that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Given the increasing rates of international travel, climate change, and immunosuppression, neuroparasitic diseases represent a major global health concern. Accurate diagnosis relies on non-invasive medical imaging combined with exposure history and laboratory testing. Timely institution of appropriate therapy can drastically improve patient outcomes. This article represents an international collaboration of radiologists on multiple continents to illustrate exemplary radiologic cases and provide a broad literature review of neuroparasitic disorders. We describe the geographic distribution, life cycle, diagnostic testing, and imaging findings for 12 leading neuroparasitic infections: amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, paragonimiasis, neurocysticercosis, hydatidosis, sparganosis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, and myiasis. A master flowchart is provided to distinguish these diverse entities based on clinical symptoms, geographic area, exposure history, radiologic findings, and clinical testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T15:09:49Z","timestamp":1749481789000},"page":"1197-1208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroparasitic infections: imaging features and diagnostic algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Quayd","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65212,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, British Hospital , Buenos Aires, C1280AEB,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittaya","family":"Buathong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, 10700,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rugilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital Garrahan , Buenos Aires, C1245AAM,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minth","family":"Punpichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine , Bangkok, 10400,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dittapong","family":"Songsaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, 10700,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utarat","family":"Kaewumporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, 10700,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitsupa","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, 10700,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai-Lan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65212,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.3.9725321","article-title":"CNS infections with free-living amebas: neuroimaging findings","volume":"171","author":"Kidney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B2","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B3","first-page":"20150499","article-title":"Amoebic encephalitis: case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings","volume":"2","author":"Lukies","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B4","first-page":"930","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in rare amebic infections of the central nervous system","volume":"16","author":"Schumacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR: Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv104","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv104","article-title":"Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by acanthamoeba in a patient with kidney transplant: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Salameh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_36_21","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris: an opportunistic, free-living ameba\u2014an updated review","volume":"11","author":"Bhosale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000919","article-title":"Vector-borne protozoal infections of the CNS: cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness and Chagas disease","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023001117","article-title":"Outcomes of patients in Chagas disease of the central nervous system: a systematic review","volume":"151","author":"Shelton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-023-03181-2","article-title":"\u201dBunch of acai berries sign\u201d: a new radiological sign in patients with CNS involvement in Chagas disease","volume":"65","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.185.2.01850550","article-title":"Chagas' disease involving the brain and spinal cord: MRI findings","volume":"185","author":"Lury","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.12.007","article-title":"Reactivation of Chagas disease with central nervous system involvement in HIV-infected patients in Argentina, 1992-2007","volume":"12","author":"Cordova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/jon19966294","article-title":"Chagasic granulomatous encephalitis in immunosuppressed patients; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"6","author":"Lorenzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"6","author":"Torres-Guerrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N110401","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N110401","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of Leishmania spp. infection","volume":"2","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitology"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B15","first-page":"145","article-title":"Brain parenchyma (pons) involvement by visceral leishmaniasis: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Sedaghattalab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0081","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis and abnormalities on computed tomographic scans of paranasal sinuses","volume":"83","author":"Camargo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2018.03.004","article-title":"Imaging features of neurotoxoplasmosis: a multiparametric approach, with emphasis on susceptibility-weighted imaging","volume":"5","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e389","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2023.130981","article-title":"Evaluation of imaging methods in cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"88","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.22629","article-title":"Imaging in differentiating cerebral toxoplasmosis and primary CNS lymphoma with special focus on FDG PET\/CT","volume":"216","author":"Marcus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.294085205","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B21","author":"Dubey","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B22","first-page":"554","article-title":"Mass lesions of the brain in AIDS: the dilemmas of distinguishing toxoplasmosis from primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR: Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000725","article-title":"General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis","volume":"149","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.07.005","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Abdel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/11274366","article-title":"Imaging features of intradural spinal paragonimiasis: a case report","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20546","article-title":"MRI features of pediatric cerebral paragonimiasis in the active stage","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2016.03.005","article-title":"MRI findings and differential diagnosis in children with cerebral paragonimiasis","volume":"3","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.03.018","article-title":"Intracranial pseudoaneurysm caused by cerebral paragonimiasis in pediatric patients","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2023.05.054","article-title":"Radiology findings in neurocysticercosis: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Komala Dewi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610395654","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis","volume":"4","author":"Singhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B31","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.198686","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: diagnostic problems & current therapeutic strategies","volume":"144","author":"Rajshekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.135","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"7","author":"Nash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.07.005","article-title":"Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Razek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0374a","article-title":"Bruns syndrome is a common presentation of neurocysticercosis","volume":"93","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016216570","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-216570","article-title":"Intracranial hydatid cyst: imaging findings of a rare disease","volume":"2016","author":"Taslakian","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B38","first-page":"190","article-title":"Imaging spectrum of hydatid disease: usual and unusual locations","volume":"81","author":"Srinivas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polski przegla\u031cd radiologii i medycyny nuklearnej"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.232025704","article-title":"Hydatid disease from head to toe","volume":"23","author":"Polat","year":"2003","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061127","article-title":"Hydatid disease: a radiological pictorial review of a great neoplasms mimicker","volume":"13","author":"Alshoabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_59_17","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric primary cerebral hydatidosis","volume":"12","author":"Borkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e273","article-title":"Human sparganosis in Korea","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2016.08.001","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of cerebral sparganosis with live worms","volume":"43","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.01.005","article-title":"Migration characteristics as a prognostic factor in cerebral sparganosis","volume":"117","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06596-6","article-title":"Disseminated central nervous system sparganosis appearing as meningeal granulomatous disease diagnosed by next-generation sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.012","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Europe","volume":"93","author":"Federspiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01361","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1361","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical manifestations in cerebral angiostrongyliasis from Dali, China","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200801010-00013","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis following eating freshwater snails","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.05.012","article-title":"MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis","volume":"60","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04494-4","article-title":"Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0864-1","article-title":"A comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis and angiostrongyliasis","volume":"33","author":"Kanpittaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009221132948","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging is helpful in diagnosis of cerebral gnathostomiasis","volume":"36","author":"Hirunpat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0579","article-title":"Spinal epidural hematoma and gnathostomiasis","volume":"92","author":"Chotmongkol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.03.001","article-title":"Imaging of toxocariasis","volume":"109","author":"Dietrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00053","article-title":"Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of neurotoxocariasis","volume":"9","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06867-1","article-title":"Toxocariasis affecting brain stem and skull base","volume":"21","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-024-05869-w","article-title":"Pediatric orbital lesions: ocular pathologies","volume":"54","author":"Gerrie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B58","author":"CDC\u2014DPDx\u2014Myiasis","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-11","article-title":"Myiasis","volume":"25","author":"Francesconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_521_20","article-title":"A severe case of brain myiasis: treatment rationale and review of literature","volume":"16","author":"Curzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758203","article-title":"The human botfly \u201cbubbling sign\u201d: ultrasound features of cutaneous furuncular myiasis","volume":"33","author":"Papineni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"2025081213173048400_tqaf126-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-012-1072-x","article-title":"Human botfly (Dermatobia hominis) larva in a child\u2019s scalp mimicking osteomyelitis","volume":"20","author":"Vijay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf126\/63458046\/tqaf126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/98\/1172\/1197\/63458046\/tqaf126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/98\/1172\/1197\/63458046\/tqaf126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T17:17:45Z","timestamp":1755019065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article\/98\/1172\/1197\/8159058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1172","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1285","1748-880X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1285","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-880X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}