{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:53:59Z","timestamp":1781718839126,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1183","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the reduction in effective dose achieved through organ dose modulation (ODM) on a General Electric Revolution Apex CT scanner, while preserving image quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First, the noise index (NI) corresponding to comparable image quality\u2014defined by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)\u2014was determined using a PMMA cylindrical phantom (CTDI phantom), both with and without ODM. Scan protocols for the thorax, abdomen, and head were evaluated. Next, radiation dose was measured at every 10\u00b0 scan angle using a 10\u2009cm ionization chamber for each protocol, with and without ODM. Finally, effective dose was estimated using the angle-dependent dose measurements in Monte Carlo simulation software (PCXMC), for tube voltages of 80, 100, and 120\u2009kVp.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective dose was reduced by 12-14\u2009\u00b1\u20091% for thorax, 12-13\u2009\u00b1\u20091% for abdomen, when using ODM. No significant change in effective dose was found for CT head. Notably, radiosensitive organs such as the breasts and eye lenses received 19-21\u2009\u00b1\u20091% and 25\u2009\u00b1\u20097% (upper-bound estimate) less dose, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that ODM could significantly reduce both effective and organ-specific radiation doses without compromising image quality, especially when applied to the whole scan field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates with dose measurements with 10\u00b0 angular accuracy that for this specific implementation of ODM, it should be applied to the whole scan field for both dose reduction and consistent image quality. This finding is contradictory to the vendor\u2019s recommendation to apply ODM only to an area with a specific radiosensitive organ, such as the breasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqag098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1777956966000},"page":"1405-1413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Organ dose modulation: a useful tool for dose reduction in clinical practice?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Nienke","family":"Wentink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Frisius Medical Center , Leeuwarden 8901BR,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences , Groningen 9714 CA,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"van Gent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Frisius Medical Center , Leeuwarden 8901BR,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5601-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Borns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Frisius Medical Center , Leeuwarden 8901BR,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B1","author":"General Electric Revolution TM CT, Revolution TM CT","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.03.011","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation of eye lens dose reduction from CT scan using organ based tube current modulation","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i3.5724","article-title":"An evaluation of organ dose modulation on a GE optima CT660-computed tomography scanner","volume":"17","author":"Dixon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199108000-00010","article-title":"Shielding a spectrum of workloads in diagnostic radiology","volume":"61","author":"Simpkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B5","author":"ICRP","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.48050","article-title":"Low radiation X-rays: benefiting people globally by reducing cancer risks","volume":"18","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012053","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1943\/1\/012053","article-title":"Radiation dose reduction on cervical spine radiographic examination by using posteroanterior oblique projection","volume":"1943","author":"Sulistiyadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Phys: Conf Ser"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15212787","article-title":"Breast organ dose and radiation exposure reduction in full-spine radiography: a phantom model using PCXMC","volume":"15","author":"Nemoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2014.11.003","article-title":"AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: image quality and individual organ doses","volume":"21","author":"Davey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2018-0021","article-title":"Comparison of anteroposterior and posteroanterior projection in lumbar spine radiography","volume":"52","author":"Alukic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.04.011","article-title":"Organ-based tube current modulation in chest CT. A comparison of three vendors","volume":"27","author":"Mussmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiography (Lond)"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa073","article-title":"Eye lens dose optimization through gantry tilting in brain CT scan: the potential effect of the radiological technologists\u2019 training","volume":"189","author":"Ebrahiminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1051\/radiopro\/2015003","article-title":"Reducing the radiation dose to the eye lens region during CT brain examination: the potential beneficial effect of the combined use of bolus and a bismuth shield","volume":"50","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radioprotection"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12763","article-title":"Lens dose in routine head CT: comparison of different optimization methods with anthropomorphic phantoms","volume":"204","author":"Nikupaavo","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1327","article-title":"Comparison of eye lens dose on neuroimaging protocols between 16- and 64-section multidetector CT: achieving the lowest possible dose","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7230","article-title":"Peak skin and eye lens radiation dose from brain perfusion CT based on monte carlo simulation","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.06.014","article-title":"The impact of vertical off-centering on image noise and breast dose in chest CT with organ-based tube current modulation: a phantom study","volume":"100","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4085-5","article-title":"Organ-based tube current modulation in a clinical context: dose reduction may be largely overestimated in breast tissue","volume":"26","author":"Euler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2026061713110728300_tqag098-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab13e","article-title":"Assessment of PCXMC for patients with different body size in chest and abdominal X ray examinations: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"63","author":"Borrego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqag098\/68209738\/tqag098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/99\/1183\/1405\/68209738\/tqag098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/99\/1183\/1405\/68209738\/tqag098.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:11:15Z","timestamp":1781716275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article\/99\/1183\/1405\/8667198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqag098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1285","1748-880X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1285","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-880X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}}}