{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:53:36Z","timestamp":1791388416305,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased use of endovascular procedures shows an increase of neurological deficits after intravascular administration of iodine-based contrast media (ICM). Unfortunately, nonuniform terminology is confusing and may explain low awareness of this ICM-associated neurological adverse drug reaction (nADR). Consequently, we conducted this study to summarize identified risk factors, clinical presentations, radiological features, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment strategies of ICM-associated nADR. Additionally, we evaluated, if unifying different terminology of nADR seems to be warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PRISMA-2020 systematic literature search was conducted. We included scientific articles on contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE), contrast-induced neurotoxicity (CIN), and transient cortical blindness (TCB) following administration of ICM. A total of 228 records were eligible for inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of neurological adverse reactions manifests after invasive contrast enhanced procedures and are mostly described as CIE, CIN, and TCB. Patients present with stroke mimickers and TCB. The onset of symptoms varies from shortly after the administration of ICM till up to 24\u2009h following ICM application. In most of the patients the neurological symptoms are reversible. The available evidence suggests that there seems to be a common underlying pathophysiology, most likely due to dysfunction of the blood brain barrier. Risk factors include chronic or end stage renal disease, underlying vascular dysfunction, ICM volume, and the territory of ICM administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is need for implementation of formal criteria and raising awareness on risk factors and therapeutic management of nADR following ICM administration. The authors suggest to summarize currently different terminology under 1 umbrella of contrast-associated encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Advances in knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase of diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures reveals ICM-associated neurological adverse reactions. Knowledge and awareness on neurotoxic effects after ICM application must be raised among radiologists and clinicians which may be enhanced by unifying the nomenclature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqag228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:11:21Z","timestamp":1790179881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The many faces of contrast-associated encephalopathy: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gertraud","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of St. P\u00f6lten and Karl Landsteiner University , AT-3100 St. P\u00f6lten,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"\u00d6kr\u00f6si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of St. P\u00f6lten and Karl Landsteiner University , AT-3100 St. P\u00f6lten,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Wambacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of St. P\u00f6lten and Karl Landsteiner University , AT-3100 St. P\u00f6lten,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo A","family":"Mallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, 00128,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick P","family":"Mariajoseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria 3800,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aart J","family":"van der Molen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center , ZA Leiden, 2333,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1951.01700010636002","article-title":"Ocular complications encountered in intracranial arteriography","volume":"45","author":"Falls","year":"1951","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1952.9.5.0517","article-title":"The ocular complications of carotid angiography; the ocular signs of thrombosis of the internal carotid artery","volume":"9","author":"Walsh","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(87)80197-x","article-title":"Neurotoxic complications of contrast computed tomography in children","volume":"111","author":"Haslam","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198809001-00042","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of hydrosoluble iodine contrast media","volume":"23","author":"Caill\u00e9","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B5","first-page":"324","article-title":"Cortical blindness following cerebral angiography","volume":"91","author":"Helsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"W V Med J"},{"key":"2026100711064727500_tqag228-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979504601009","article-title":"Transient cortical blindness following bypass graft angiography. 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